Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: IF |
IFConjunction1. Whether; -- in dependent questions. 2. In case that; granting, allowing, or supposing that; -- introducing a condition or supposition. |
Date "IF" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
Etymology: If \If\, conj. [from Old English expression if, gif, Anglo-Saxon gif; akin to OFries. ief, gef, ef, Old Saxon ef, of, Dutch of, or, whether, if, German ob whether, if, Old High German. oba, ibu, Icelandic ef, Gothic iba, ibai, an interrogative particle; properly case form of noun meaning, doubt (Compare to Old High German. iba doubt, condition, Icelandic if, ef, ifi, efi), and therefore originally meaning, on condition that.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Tips from 1870 | Usage: If, Whether. "I do not know if he sold his farm or exchanged it for city property." Use whether. Usage: But, If. "I should not wonder but the assembly would adjourn to-day." Use if instead of but. Source: Slips of Speech. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A conditional statement, or simply a conditional for short, is an "if-then" statement, written in the form: 'if P, then Q'. Here, 'P' is the antecedent (the "if" part of the statement) and 'Q' is the consequent (the "then" part). For example, in "If you give me ten dollars, then I will be your best friend," the claim "you give me ten dollars" is the antecedent of the conditional, and "I will be your best friend" is the consequent.In traditional logic, a statement if A then B is true if and only if either A is false or B is true, or both. There have been attempts in areas such as modal logic to find a formal definition that is closer to the 'intuitive' meaning: In the traditional logic interpretation "If it is raining now, then I am a unicorn." is true provided it is not raining now.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Conditional."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
if or IF may be:
simple:If
- If
- Conditional
- If —, poem by Rudyard Kipling
- Interactive fiction (IF, also known as text adventures)
- Intermediate frequency
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "If."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
if, subtitled "Worlds of Science Fiction", was launched in March 1952, the creation, apparently, of James L. Quinn of the Quinn Publishing Company, not to be confused with Robert Guinn, who later published both If and its sister pulp Galaxy. (The title "If" had previously been used by Con Perderson in 1948 for an amateur magazine.) At first the cover bore only a distinctive if in oversized lower-case letters, but later the subtitle was added over the logo in such a way as to make it appear that the actual title of the magazine was "Worlds of If". In 1972 Worlds of If was made the official name of the magazine, so that issues after 1972 are sometimes indexed separately. The editoral succession at If seems to have been as follows:
- Paul W. Fairman: March 1952 - Sept. 1952
- James L. Quinn: Nov 52 - Aug 1958
- Damon Knight: Oct 58 - Feb 1959
- H.L. Gold: July 1959 - Nov 1961 (Gold was ill for part of this period, and some issues listing him as editor were actually edited by Fred Pohl.)
- Frederik Pohl, Jan 1962 - May 1969 (Under Pohl, If won the Hugo award for best professional science fiction magazine three years running: 1966, 1967, and 1968.)
- Ejler Jacobsson: Oct 1969 - Jan/Feb 1974
- Jim Baen: Mar/Apr 1974 - Dec 1974 (If then ceased publication and was incorporated into Galaxy.)
- Clifford R. Hong: Fall (September/November) 1986. This attempt to revive If as a quarterly lasted only one issue.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "If magazine."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In mathematics, logic and technical fields that depend on it, iff is used as an abbreviation for "if and only if". It is often, not always, written italicized: iff. The phrase "'P' is necessary and sufficient for 'Q'" is also sometimes used for "P iff Q".A sentence that is composed of two other sentences joined by "iff" is called a biconditional. Iff joins two sentences to form a new sentence. It should not be confused with logical equivalence which is a description of a relation between two sentences. The biconditional "A iff B" uses the sentences A and B, describing a relation between the states of affairs A and B describe. By contrast "'A' is logically equivalent to 'B'" mentions the two sentences: it describes a relation between those two sentences, and not between whatever matters they describe.
The distinction is a very confusing one, and has led many a philosopher astray. Certainly it is the case that when 'A' is logically equivalent to 'B', "A iff B" is true. But the converse does not hold. For example, consider the sentence:
There is clearly no logical equivalence between the two halves of this particular biconditional. For more on the distinction, see W. V. Quine's Mathematical Logic, Section 5.
- Mary will eat pudding today if and only if it's custard.
The corresponding logical symbols are "↔" and "⇔".
When proving the statement "P iff Q", it is equivalent to prove both the two statements "if P, then Q" and "if Q, then P".
The abbreviation appeared in print for the first time in John Kelley's 1955 book General Topology. Its invention is often credited to the mathematician Paul Halmos, but in his autobiography he states that he borrowed it from puzzlers.
In philosophy and logic, for example, "iff" is used to indicate definitions, since definitions are supposed to be universally quantified biconditionals. In mathematics, however, the word "if" is often used in definitions, rather than "iff". Here are some examples of true statements that use "iff" - true biconditionals (the first is an example of a definition):
- A person is a bachelor iff that person is an unmarried but marriagable man.
- "Snow is white" (in English) is true iff "Schnee ist weiss" (in German) is true.
- For any p, q, and r: (p & q) & r iff p & (q & r). (Since this is written using variables and "&", the statement would usually be written using "↔", or one of the other symbols used to write biconditionals, in place of "iff").
Sometimes other words are also emphasied in the same way by repeating the last letter; for example orr for "Or and only Or" (the exclusive disjunction).
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Iff."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This article is about the file format. IFF can also stand for Identification friend or foe, a battlefield identification system, or iff in mathematics
IFF, the Interchange File Format, is a generic file format originally introduced by the Electronic Arts company in 1985 in order to ease transfer of data between software products produced by different companies.
RIFF is a variant of IFF format devised by Microsoft and IBM; RIFF files differ from IFF files in that they have letters RIFF at the beginning and use little-endian integers. The file format TIFF was invented by Aldus to include high-depth bitmaps with PostScript; it is similar to IFF, and has similar name, but is otherwise unrelated.
IFF files of course do not have any common extension. Most files with .iff extension are in fact ILBM files, wrongly named so because they are most common IFF files and most people think they are the only type of IFF files (on most systems that produce IFF files extensions are not important).
Structure
IFF files begin with capital ASCII letters FORM, followed with a longword (all integers in IFF files' structure are big-endian) containing the size of the file after it (that is, the number of bytes that has to be read until the end of the file; typically, this is filesize-8), followed with four capital ASCII letters (numbers and space can also be used) that describe file type.After the header, IFF files contain a stream of chunks. Each chunk also has four letters at the beginning describing its type (examples: TEXT, BODY, BMHD) followed by longword that contain the length of the chunk (that is, the number of bytes that has to be read until the end of the chunk). The next chunk need not be exactly at the end of the previous, as chunks are longword-aligned. Each type of chunk typically has different internal structure, that could be numerical data, text, or raw data. It is also possible to include other IFF files as if they are chunks (note that they have the same structure: four letters followed with length) and some formats use this. There are standard chunks that could be present in any IFF file, such as AUTH (containing text with information about author of the file), ANNO (containing text with annotation, usually name of the program that created the file), NAME (containing text with name of the work in the file), VERS (containing file version), "(c) " (containing text with copyright information). There are also chunks that are common among a number of formats, such as CMAP which holds color palette in ILBM, ANIM and DR2D files (pictures, animations and vector pictures). There are chunks that have common name but hold different data such as BODY which could store image in an ILBM file and sound in an 8SVX file. And finally, there are chunks unique to their file type. Some programs that create IFF files add to them chunks with their internal data; these same files can later be read by other programs without any disruption which is a great advantage of IFF and similar formats.
Some file types
- 8SVX
- AIFF
- ANIM
- DR2D
- FTXT
- ILBM
- SHRI
- SMUS
- WORD
External Link
- About Interchange File Format
- The original IFF format specification (lha archive)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "IFF."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Interactive fiction, often abbreviated as IF, refers to a simulated environment in which players use text commands to control characters. Works in this form can be understood as literary and as computer games. Often the term interactive fiction is used to describe or refer to text adventure games, which are a particular type of adventure game. Sometimes the term IF is used to refer generically to all adventure games, at other times to the games produced by the interactive fiction community rather than game companies.IF author, developer, and critic Graham Nelson has characterized interactive fiction as "a narrative at war with a crossword puzzle".
Text adventure
Text adventures are one of the oldest types of computer game and form a subset of the adventure genre. The player uses text input to control the game and the game state is relayed to the player via text output.Input is usually provided by the player in the form of simple sentences such as "get key" or "go east" which may be handled by a simple parser. Parsers vary in sophistication; the first text adventure parsers could only handle two-word sentences in the form of verb-noun pairs. Later parsers could handle increasing levels of complexity from sentences such as "open the red box with the green key then go north".
The first adventure games to appear were text adventures (later called interactive fiction), which typically use a verb-noun parser to interact with the user. These were the first things to appear on mainframe computers after Spacewar, evolving from early titles like Hunt the Wumpus and Adventure (Will Crowther, c1975; expanded by Don Woods 1976) to the widely popular Zork series (1979-) which made its way onto the new Apple II as well as most of the other types of personal computers.
Hobbyists of this genre of games generally agree that the best text adventures were produced in the 1980s by Infocom. Activision, who purchased Infocom, has released some games based on Infocom stories such as Zork.
Some companies that were important in bringing out text adventures were Adventure International, Infocom, Level 9, and Melbourne House.
Notable games
- Zork series (1979-)
- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1984)
- Valhalla (1984)
History
The first text adventure game, Adventure (also called ADVENT, or Colossal Cave), was written in Fortran for the PDP-10, and has since been ported to many other operating systems. It was created by Will Crowther and augmented by Don Woods, with the canonical version being released in 1976.The popularity of Adventure lead to the wide success of interactive fiction during the late 1970s and the 1980s, when home computers had little, if any, graphics capability.
In the United States, the best-known company producing these games was Infocom, which created the Zork series and many other titles still fondly remembered by countless fans. Another company which published a series of interactive fiction was Adventure International founded by Scott Adams (not the creator of Dilbert).
In the UK the leading companies were Magnetic Scrolls and Level 9. Worth to mention is also Delta 4 and the homebrew company Zenobi.
Today, interactive fiction no longer appears to be commercially viable, but a constant stream of new text adventures is produced by the interactive fiction community using freely available text adventure writing systems, particularly Inform and TADS.
Most of these games can be downloaded for free from the Interactive Fiction Archive (see link at end).
Since 1995 there has been an annual Interactive Fiction Competition (IFComp) for relatively short games. There are also annual XYZZY Awards in various categories, modelled on the Academy Awards.
Two free online newsletters exist: XYZZYnews and SPAG.
Example of an Interactive fiction game
Many IF works are quite difficult, and include a large amount of descriptive text. A transcript of the very ending of one of these games might read:
> look You are in a big room with tall pillars, to your north resides the large doors into the Wikipedia.> go north The doors are locked. Wait, that makes no sense, Wikipedia is for everyone! Something must be done...
> inventory You are carrying a soda, an umbrella, The Key to All The Information in the Universe, and a little plastic bottle cap.
> unlock door Unlock door with what?
> key The door opens easily and noiselessly, and before you can walk through, there's a mad rush of people who enter the library and begin improving it.
***Your mission is complete!***
Would you like to restore a saved game, restart, or quit?
> quit
See also
- Choose Your Own Adventure
- gamebook
- hypertext
External links
- The Interactive Fiction Archive can be found at ftp://ftp.ifarchive.org/if-archive [FTP] and http://www.ifarchive.org [HTML]
- Baf's Guide to the Interactive Fiction Archive at http://baf.wurb.com/if/ is useful for finding games in the IF Archive.
- Lists of the most popular games can be found at the Interactive Fiction Ratings website: http://www.carouselchain.com/if/statistics.php
- SPAG is at http://www.sparkynet.com/spag/noframe.html
- XYZZYnews is at http://www.xyzzynews.com
- Annual Interactive Fiction Competition http://www.ifcomp.org/
- http://brasslantern.org/community/history/timeline-c.html gives a timeline of events in the history of interactive fiction.
- http://texttechnology.mcmaster.ca/jerzbib/index.html is a bibliography of over 100 scholarly and amateur articles about interactive fiction.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Interactive fiction."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In logical calculus of mathematics, logical conditional is a binary logical operator connecting two statements, if p then q where p is a hypothesis (or antecedent) and q is a conclusion (or consequent). The operator is denoted using an left-arrow "→".
The hypothesis is sometimes also called "necessary condition" while the conclusion may be called "sufficient condition".
It is defined using the following truth table:
p q | p → q +-------- T T | T T F | F F T | T F F | TIn the case that the hypothesis is true, the result is the same as conclusion. Otherwise, the whole statement is true regardless the value of conclusion.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Logical conditional."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Super Heterodyne receiver was invented by Edwin Armstrong in 1918.The Super Heterodyne (sometimes shortened to superhet) principle as used in radio receivers allows certain obstacles to high performance radio design to be overcome. Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) receivers suffered from poor frequency stability, and poor selectivity, as even filters with a high Q factor have a wide bandwidth at radio frequencies.
In radios using the principle, all signal frequencies are converted typically to a constant lower frequency before detection. This constant frequency is called the Intermediate Frequency, or IF. In a typical AM (Medium Wave) home receivers, that frequency is 455 kHz, for FM VHF receivers, it is usually 10.7 MHz.
Super Heterodyne receivers "beat" or heterodyne a frequency from a local oscillator (within the receiver) with the incoming signal. The user tunes the radio by adjusting the set's oscillator frequency and/or the tuning of the incoming signals. This heterodyning results in a higher and a lower frequency than that of the incoming frequency. Either the higher or the lower (typically) is chosen as the IF, which is amplified and then demodulated (reduced to just audio frequencies through a speaker).
Almost all receivers in use today utilize this method. The diagram below shows the basic elements of a single conversion superhet receiver. In practice not every design will have all these elements, nor does this convey the complexity of other designs, but the essential elements of a local oscillator and a mixer followed by a filter and IF amplifier are common to all superhet circuits.
The advantage to this method is that most of the radio's signal path has to be sensitive to only a narrow range of frequencies. Only the front end (the part before the frequency converter stage) needs to be sensitive to a wide frequency range. For example, the front end might need to be sensitive to 1-30 MHz, while the rest of the radio might need to be sensitive only to 455 kHz, a typical IF frequency.
Sometimes, to overcome obstacles such as image response, more than one IF is used. In such a case, the front end might be sensitive to 1-30 MHz, the first half of the radio to 5 MHz, and the last half to 50 kHz. Two frequency converters would be used, and the radio would be a "Double Conversion Super Heterodyne".
Super Heterodyne receivers have superior characteristics in both frequency stability and selectivity. It is much easier to stabilize an oscillator than a filter, especially with modern frequency synthesiser technology, and IF filters can give much narrower passbands at the same Q factor than an equivalent RF filter. A fixed IF also allows the use of a crystal filter in very critical designs such as radiotelephone receivers which have exceptionally high selectivity.
Radio transmitters also use Super Heterodyne technology. The design of a Super Heterodyne transmitter is similar to that of a Super Heterodyne receiver which each stage of the signal path reversed.
The next evolution of Super Heterodyne receiver design is the software defined radio architecture, where the IF processing after the initial IF filter is implemented in software.
See Also
- Automatic Gain Control
- Demodulator
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Superheterodyne receiver."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
iF | English | Intensification factor | N/A |
IF | French | Intermédiaire financier | N/A |
IF | German | Zwischenanflug-Fix | Transportation |
IF | Italian | Immunofluorescenza | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Circumstance | Conditionally, provided, if, in case; if so, if so be, if it be so; depending on circumstances, in certain circumstances, under certain conditions; if it so happen, if it so turn out; in the event of; in such a contingency, in such a case, in such an event; provisionally, unless, without. |
Qualification | Adverb: provided, provided that, provided always; if, unless, but, yet; according as; conditionally, admitting, supposing; on the supposition of; (theoretically); with the understanding, even, although, though, for all that, after all, at all events. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: IF |
| English words defined with "IF": An if, As if ♦ But and if ♦ if not ♦ make as if ♦ only if ♦ To make as if ♦ What if. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "IF": If you want X, you know where to find it. ♦ LOOKING AS IF ONE COULD NOT HELP IT. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "IF": When. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "IF" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses. French (if, yew-tree). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | How'd you feel if someone broke your dinosaur (On the Town; writing credit: Adolph Green and Betty Comden) Let's see if I can do better (Batman & Robin; writing credit: Akiva Goldsman) Jane, what if he worships you (American Beauty; writing credit: Alan Ball) Then what a pair we could make, but what if it's a lesson I don't care to learn (Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles; writing credit: Anne Rice) Tell me, would you be likely to sue me if I was to beat you right now (The Sweet Hereafter; writing credit: Atom Egoyan) | |
Lyrics | Then I'll go get the ticket right now if that's cool (If I Could Go; performing artist: Angie Martinez) But if you asked me to (If You Asked Me To; performing artist: Celine Dion) If I’m not made for you then why does my heart tell me that I am (If You're Not The One; performing artist: DANIEL BEDINGFIELD) 'Cause if I fall you're going down with me (If I Fall You're Going Down With Me; performing artist: Dixie Chicks) If my (If My Heart Had Wings; performing artist: Faith Hill) | |
Clever | Be careless in your dress if you must, but keep a tidy soul. (references; author: Mark Twain) A bank is a place that will lend you money if you can prove you don't need it. (references; author: Bob Hope) Tragedy is if I cut my finger, comedy is if I walk into an open sewer and die. (references; author: Mel Brooks) If the people don't want to come out to the ball park, nobody's gonna stop 'em. (references; author: Yogi Berra) If it turns out that there is a God, I don't think that he's evil. But the worst that you can say about him is that basically he's an underachiever. (references; author: Woody Allen) | |
Tongue Twisters | How many cuckoos could a good cook cook if a cook could cook cuckoos. (references; author: unknown) How much wood would a woodchuck chuck, if a woodchuck could chuck wood? (references; author: unknown) If he slipped, should she slip? (references; author: unknown) If I assist a sister-assistant, will the sister's sister-assistant assist me? (references; author: unknown) If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick? (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | If (2003) Shirley MacLaine: If They Could See Me Now (1974) What Will Horses Do? If Footmen Tire You (1971) If Tomorrow Comes (1971) File It If It Moves (1970) | |
Song Titles | If Pigs Could Fly (performing artist: Sandy Andina) If You Go Away (performing artist: Neil Diamond) If Tomorrow Never Comes (performing artist: Garth Brooks) If You Can Do Anything Else (performing artist: George Strait) If I Were Your Woman (performing artist: Gladys Knight & The Pips) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Shown are 2 mammograms of normal dense breasts. A dense breast makes a mammographic image difficult to read when and if cancerous lesions are present. These images are typical of breast of younger women. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Shown is a PET scan (positron emission tomography) of a 17 year old girl with a longstanding history of epilepsy, who has a brain tumor classified as a grade 1 astrocytoma. The PET scan indicates that the tumor is not metabolizing excess glucose and is therefore benign. PET scans allow doctors to tell if a tumor is malignant without resorting to a surgical biopsy. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | If some of the tufts on the median ventral brush are attached to the saddle, which encircles the tenth abdominal segment completely, the genus is identified as Psoraphora. Credit: CDC. |  | If there is a pair of tufts near the base of the siphon, and a ventral row of tufts, or a row of straight hairs following the pecten, the genus is identified as Culiseta. Credit: CDC. |
 | If springtime on Earth were anything like it will be on Uranus, we would be experiencing waves ... Credit: NASA. |  | If civilizations exist around other stars they are likely to be just emerging across our ... Credit: NASA. |
 | If you're up to your hips in alligators, it must be Florida An alligator farm in Florida. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Wiredrag diagram The basic principle is to drag a wire attached to two vessels If the wire encounters an obstruction it will come taut and form a "V". Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Flooding of low-lying areas by extreme high tides. If sea level continues its rise, such events will become increasingly common. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Young naturalist inspecting a horseshoe crab shell. The carapace was empty. If this was a live animal, picking up by tail could cause injury to the crab. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "If Tulips Could Sing" by Lynn Cummings Commentary: "... it would sound like this. From the series: Tulip Talk." | "Opened book" by Bartlomiej Moczulski Commentary: "Just an opened book (it's Lewis Caroll complete works if anybody asks ;-). Background easy to be cut off (hopefully)." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Air Force | If it works, it's obsolete. |
Henri Estienne | If youth but knew; if age but could. |
John Milton | Which if not victory is yet revenge. |
Kin Hubbard | You won't skid if you stay in a rut. |
Leon Battista Alberti | Men can do all things if they will. |
Seneca | If you judge, investigate. |
Walt Whitman | If you done it, it ain't bragging. |
William Shakespeare | Speak low, if you speak love. |
| Assume a virtue if you have it not. | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Magna Carta | 1215 | Further, if we have led or sent him upon military service, he shall be relieved from guard in proportion to the time during which he has been on service because of us. (reference) |
John Locke | 1690 | If this made the father free, it shall make the son free too. (Second Treatise of Government) |
US Constitution | 1791 | But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President. (reference) |
Amendment to US Constitution | 1795-1992 | And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. (reference) |
Marbury v. Madison | 1803 | If it is closed upon him, and cannot be inspected by him? (reference) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | But if selling and buying disappears, free selling and buying disappears also. (reference) |
The Emancipation Proclamation | 1862 | "That the executive will on the 1st day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States." (Abraham Lincoln) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Such persons shall, if found guilty, be sentenced to punishments laid down by law. (reference) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | We cannot afford, if we can help it, to work on narrow margins, offering temptations to a trial of strength. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
United Nations | 1948 | Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Winnie the Pooh | A.A. Milne | Promise me, Pooh, that you won't forget me ever, because if I thought you would, I wouldn't leave |
Emma | Austen, Jane | He did really look and speak as if in a state of no common enjoyment |
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded | Carroll, Lewis | If A promises something to B, B has a claim upon A. |
A Christmas Carol | Dickens, Charles | But the ghost sat down on the opposite side of the fireplace, as if he were quite used to it. |
Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency | Douglas Adams | Dirk, please, if you would |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | Yet, if death be in this cup, I bid thee think again, ere thou beholdest me quaff it. |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | It seemed as if this mass had become a monster, and had but a single mind |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | A priest would not be a priest if he did not tell his flock what is right and what is wrong |
Time Enough for Love | Robert Heinlein | Don't let that stop you; if you don't bet you can't win. |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | What if it come to thee again |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Rabies kills if it is not prevented. (references) | |
If it doesn't, HD may be the problem. (references) | ||
Lyme disease is rarely, if ever, fatal. (references) | ||
Business | Please contact the Commercial Service Osaka if interested. (references) | |
If both plants are operated fully, they will produce approx. (references) | ||
If this happens the time to grant the title will be extended. (references) | ||
Children | Trinidad and Tobago | Abused children are usually placed with relatives if they are removed from the home. (references) |
Bahrain | Violators are dealt with harshly and may be imprisoned, or, if a noncitizen, deported. (references) | |
Bahamas | The Department may remove children from abusive situations if the court deems it necessary. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Malaysia | He was warned of prosecution if he defied the ban again. (references) |
Nigeria | If no objections are received, the group can proceed with its meetings. (references) | |
Romania | Political parties gain legal status if they have at least 10,000 members. (references) | |
Economic History | Turkey | If Parliament reenacts the law, it is binding. (references) |
Belgium | Recourse to the courts is available if necessary. (references) | |
Brazil | They do not hesitate to kill if the victims resist. (references) | |
Human Rights | Lebanon | He faces a maximum sentence of death if convicted. (references) |
Bangladesh | If their sentences are upheld, they may be hanged. (references) | |
Chad | It is unclear if CAR security forces were involved. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Russia | A 1999 law on indigenous ethnic communities, provides for their support, permits the creation of self-governing bodies, and permits them to seek compensation if economic development threatens their lands. (references) |
Peru | Both AIDESEP and CONAP are critical of the 1995 land law, which permits Amazonian land to be bought and sold if no one is living on it or otherwise making use of it. Sendero Luminoso continued to be a leading violator of the rights of indigenous people. (references) | |
Minorities | Czech Republic | Both men face 10 years' imprisonment if convicted; the case was pending at year's end. (references) |
Political Economy | Tajikistan | Most Soviet-era factories operated at a minimal level, if at all. (references) |
GREECE | Non-registered immigrants are liable to summary deportation if arrested. (references) | |
CHILE | If all production is exported, the exporter pays no tariff on capital imports. (references) | |
Political Rights | Haiti | If no candidate receives a majority, a second round runoff is required. (references) |
Nepal | If the lower house is not in session, the upper house exercises this power. (references) | |
Liechtenstein | If approved by Parliament, the bill then would be presented to voters in a referendum. (references) | |
Trade | Mexico | Beside each HTS code is the applicable NOM, if any. (references) |
Switzerland | An exception is if preferential duty rates are requested. (references) | |
Denmark | Eximbank financing is available but rarely, if ever, used. (references) | |
Travel | Mexico | If accosted, DO NOT RESIST. (references) |
Peru | If you lease a car with a driver, a tip is common. (references) | |
Indonesia | Avoid buying bottled water from street vendors if possible. (references) | |
Women | Syria | If the brother fails to do so, she has the right to sue. (references) |
Kuwait | Instead the law grants residency only if the husband is employed. (references) | |
Georgia | Sexual harassment in the workplace rarely, if ever, is investigated. (references) | |
Worker Rights | India | These rules seldom are obeyed, if ever. (references) |
Poland | If they try to flee, their legs may be broken. (references) | |
Jordan | The fine is doubled if the offense is repeated. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | INSURANCE, n. An ingenious modern game of chance in which the player is permitted to enjoy the comfortable conviction that he is beating the man who keeps the table. INSURANCE AGENT: My dear sir, that is a fine house -- pray let me insure it. HOUSE OWNER: With pleasure. Please make the annual premium so low that by the time when, according to the tables of your actuary, it will probably be destroyed by fire I will have paid you considerably less than the face of the policy. INSURANCE AGENT: O dear, no -- we could not afford to do that. We must fix the premium so that you will have paid more. HOUSE OWNER: How, then, can I afford that? INSURANCE AGENT: Why, your house may burn down at any time. There was Smith's house, for example, which -- HOUSE OWNER: Spare me -- there were Brown's house, on the contrary, and Jones's house, and Robinson's house, which -- INSURANCE AGENT: Spare me! HOUSE OWNER: Let us understand each other. You want me to pay you money on the supposition that something will occur previously to the time set by yourself for its occurrence. In other words, you expect me to bet that my house will not last so long as you say that it will probably last. INSURANCE AGENT: But if your house burns without insurance it will be a total loss. HOUSE OWNER: Beg your pardon -- by your own actuary's tables I shall probably have saved, when it burns, all the premiums I would otherwise have paid to you -- amounting to more than the face of the policy they would have bought. But suppose it to burn, uninsured, before the time upon which your figures are based. If I could not afford that, how could you if it were insured? INSURANCE AGENT: O, we should make ourselves whole from our luckier ventures with other clients. Virtually, they pay your loss. HOUSE OWNER: And virtually, then, don't I help to pay their losses? Are not their houses as likely as mine to burn before they have paid you as much as you must pay them? The case stands this way: you expect to take more money from your clients than you pay to them, do you not? INSURANCE AGENT: Certainly; if we did not -- HOUSE OWNER: I would not trust you with my money. Very well then. If it is certain, with reference to the whole body of your clients, that they lose money on you it is probable, with reference to any one of them, that he will. It is these individual probabilities that make the aggregate certainty. INSURANCE AGENT: I will not deny it -- but look at the figures in this pamph -- HOUSE OWNER: Heaven forbid! INSURANCE AGENT: You spoke of saving the premiums which you would otherwise pay to me. Will you not be more likely to squander them? We offer you an incentive to thrift. HOUSE OWNER: The willingness of A to take care of B's money is not peculiar to insurance, but as a charitable institution you command esteem. Deign to accept its expression from a Deserving Object. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Cast of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" | This friend wondered if you're not doing anything, you know, Saturday night, if you would like to have dinner. At her place. |
Dennis Miller | Hey, if I wanted to read a book, I'd buy one on tape. |
Julianne Moore | It's always the material, you know, and generally if it's great material there's a great director attached. |
Marlo Thomas | Look at that face, just like when you were in high school. If I didn't know better, I'd say you were a cheerleader in trouble. |
Paul McCartney | Half an hour, something like that. If you're really lucky, they just arrive and you kind of just write them down. |
Priscilla Presley | Right. So maybe now, more than ever, if there was to be anyone that understood my situation, it would be my daughter. |
Rush Limbaugh | Imagine if Canada's neighbors were Iraq or Nazi Germany or the USSR or imperial Japan or any powerful empire. |
Walter Cronkite | War is hell. And arresting people, particularly if you have made a mistake and they are innocent civilians, can be pretty tough. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George Washington | 1789-1797 | There is a rank due to the United States among nations which will be withheld, if not absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness. |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | Nor, if our peace continues, will they be wanting for any other existing purpose. |
Abraham Lincoln | 1861-1865 | Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | Meanwhile, however, plans should be prepared if we are to act promptly when the present extraordinary private demand begins to run out. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. |
Richard Nixon | 1969-1974 | My fellow Americans, I am sure you can recognize from what I have said that we really only have two choices open to us if we want to end this war. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Ad we've wondered if we would ever get the chance to thank them. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | You and I know that if the playing field is level, America's workers and farmers can outwork and outproduce anyone, anytime, anywhere. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | America cannot become stronger if they become weaker. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | Well, if a child can pass the reading test, the child has learned to read, as far as I'm concerned. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "IF" is generally used as a conjunction (subordinating) -- approximately 99.99% of the time. "IF" is used about 236,856 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Conjunction (subordinating) | 99.99% | 236,838 | 47 |
| Total | 100.00% | 236,856 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| Denmark | Brondbyernes IF Fodbold A/S |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "IF": acting as if ♦ An if ♦ and if ♦ and if not ♦ as if ♦ as if by chance ♦ as if by magic ♦ as if came out of a bandbox ♦ as if nothing was the matter ♦ as if to ♦ as if to do ♦ But and if ♦ But if ♦ damned if i know ♦ even if ♦ except if ♦ i am blest if i know what to do! ♦ i don't care if i do! ♦ i will be damned if ♦ i will eat my hat if ♦ if and when ♦ if any ♦ if any remain ♦ if applicable ♦ if at all ♦ if circumstances do not forbid it ♦ if don't i know it! ♦ if down with you! ♦ if everything goes right ♦ if everything goes well ♦ if he is so minded ♦ if he were anything of a gentleman ♦ if i an not mistaken ♦ if i can help ♦ if i had known ♦ if i remember aright ♦ if i remember right ♦ if i were in your place ♦ if i were you ♦ if it is not convenient ♦ if it were not for ♦ if it's not you ♦ if my memory serves right ♦ if necessary ♦ if need be ♦ if no complications set in ♦ if not ♦ if not heeded ♦ if not sooner ♦ if one doesn't count ♦ if one may be so bold ♦ if only ♦ if only because ♦ if only could! ♦ if only you could have seen him! ♦ if peradventure ♦ if possible ♦ if require ♦ if required ♦ if so ♦ If so be ♦ if something ♦ if the opportunity offers ♦ if the rain keeps off ♦ if there was not ♦ if you ask me ♦ if you can take it from me! ♦ if you dance you have to pay the piper ♦ if you don't mind ♦ if you have any money ♦ if you have lemons ♦ if you like ♦ if you like! ♦ if you please ♦ if you please! ♦ if you resolve upon going ♦ if you want a thing done do it your self ♦ if you will ♦ i'll be blest if i know what to do! ♦ i'll be damned if ♦ i'll eat my boots if ♦ i'll eat my hat if ♦ i'm hanged if ♦ i'm jiggered if i will do it! ♦ i'm jiggered if i'll do it ♦ is it ok if ... ? ♦ it is a big if ♦ it's a big if ♦ let me know if i can be of service ♦ let me know if i can help ♦ look as if butter would not melt in one's mouth ♦ make as if ♦ make as if to ♦ marvel if ♦ not even if you beg on your knees ♦ not if i know it ♦ not wonder if ♦ nothing if not courageous ♦ only if ♦ seem as if ♦ she's forty if she's a day. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "IF": if-added, IF-AND-ONLY-IF, if-clause, if-convincing, if-i, if-in, if-needed, if-needed/if-added, if-ness, if-onlys, if-then, if-they, if-we-sold-our-suburban-villa-we-could-buy-a-georgian-manor-house-in-the-country, if-you-don't-die-in-the-first-year-you'll-have-made-it, if-you-get-there-before-me-go-in-and-get-on-with-something. | |
Ending with "IF": as-if, what-if. | |
Containing "IF": catch-me-if-you-can, denice-work-if-you-can-get-it, do-anything-if-the-cash-is-right, i'll-be-reasonable-if-you'll-be-reasonable, market-if-touched, sail-it-on-its-ear-and-hard-luck-if-you're-seasick, well-if-you-don't-like-it-that's-all-right. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
