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Panama

Specialty Definition: Panama

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Specialty Definition: Geography of Panama

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Panama is located in Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica.

Geographic coordinates: 9 00 N, 80 00 W

Map references: Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 78,200 km²
land: 75,990 km²
water: 2,210 km²

Area - comparative: slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries:
total: 555 km
border countries: Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km

Coastline: 2,490 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nautical miles
exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles
territorial sea: 12 nautical miles

Climate: tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)

Terrain: interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Volcan de Chiriqui 3,475 m

Natural resources: copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower

Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 2%
permanent pastures: 20%
forests and woodland: 44%
other: 27% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 320 km² (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: NA

Environment - current issues: water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note: strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean

See also : Panama

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Geography of Panama."

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History of Panama

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

'''History of Panama

Pre-Columbian ceramic figure from Talamancan, Panama

Panama had a rich Pre-Colombian heritage of native populations whose presence stretched back over 12,000 years. The earliest traces of these indigenous peoples include fluted projectile points. Central Panama was home to some of the first pottery-making villages in the Americas, such as the Monagrillo culture dating to about 2500-1700 BC. These evolved into significant populations that are best known through the spectacular burials of the Conte site (dating to c. AD 500-900) and the beautiful polychrome pottery of the Coclé style.

Panama's history has been shaped by the evolution of the world economy and the ambitions of great powers. Rodrigo de Bastidas, sailing westward from Venezuela in 1501 in search of gold, was the first European to explore the Isthmus of Panama. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Panama was widely settled by Chibchan and Chocoan peoples, among whom the largest group were the Cueva (whose specific language affiliation is poorly documented). A year later, Christopher Columbus visited the isthmus and established a short-lived settlement in the Darien. Vasco Nunez de Balboa's tortuous trek from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1513 demonstrated that the isthmus was, indeed, the path between the seas, and Panama quickly became the crossroads and marketplace of Spain's empire in the New World. The success of the Spanish was in stark contrast to the devastation of indigenous peoples. By the late 17th century, Cueva culture had all but disappeared. Mining techniques included the looting of Indian cemeteries for the pre-Colombian gold treasures they contained. Gold and silver were brought by ship from South America, hauled across the isthmus, and loaded aboard ships for Spain. The route became known as the Camino Real, or Royal Road, although was more commonly known as Camino de Cruces (Road of the Crosses) because of the frequency of gravesites along the way.

Panama was part of the Spanish Empire for 300 years (1538-1821). From the outset, Panamanian identity was based on a sense of "geographic destiny," and Panamanian fortunes fluctuated with the geopolitical importance of the isthmus. The colonial experience also spawned Panamanian nationalism as well as a racially complex and highly stratified society, the source of internal conflicts that ran counter to the unifying force of nationalism.

From 1821 to 1903, Panama was a province of Colombia.

In the early 1850s, the first Transcontinental railway of the New World, the Panama Railway, was build across the isthmus from Colón to Panama City.

Building the Canal

Modern Panamanian history has been shaped by its transisthmian canal, which had been a dream since the beginning of Spanish colonization. From 1880 to 1900, a French company under Ferdinand de Lesseps (he build Suez Canal) attempted unsuccessfully to construct a sea-level canal on the site of the present Panama Canal.

On November 3, 1903, with United States' encouragement and French financial support, Panama proclaimed its independence and concluded the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty with the United States. The treaty allowed for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land 10 miles wide and 50 miles long, on either side of the Panama Canal Zone. In that zone, the U.S. would build a canal, then administer, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity." The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914; the existing 83-kilometer (50-mi.) lock canal is considered one of the world's greatest engineering triumphs. On January 5, 1909 Colombia recognized the independence of Panama.

Military Coups and Coalitions

From 1903 until 1968, Panama was a constitutional democracy dominated by a commercially oriented oligarchy. During the 1950s, the Panamanian military began to challenge the oligarchy's political hegemony. In October 1968, Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid, twice elected president and twice ousted by the Panamanian military, was again ousted as president by the National Guard after only 10 days in office. A military junta government was established, and the commander of the National Guard, Brig. Gen. Omar Torrijos, emerged as the principal power in Panamanian political life. Torrijos' regime was harsh and corrupt, but he was a charismatic leader whose populist domestic programs and nationalist foreign policy appealed to the rural and urban constituencies largely ignored by the oligarchy.

Torrijos' death in 1981 altered the tone but not the direction of Panama's political evolution. Despite 1983 constitutional amendments, which appeared to proscribe a political role for the military, the Panama Defense Forces (PDF), as they were then known, continued to dominate Panamanian political life behind a facade of civilian government. By this time, Gen. Manuel Noriega was firmly in control of both the PDF and the civilian government.

On September 7, 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal and the fourteen US army bases from the US to Panama by 1999 apart from granting the US a perpetual right of military intervention. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the intervening years. Despite undercover collaboration with Ronald Reagan on his terror war in Nicaragua (the infamous Iran-Contra Affair), relations between the United States and the Panama regime worsened in the 1980s, when confirmation of the role of the Panama military in drug trafficking and corruption led to civil unrest over increased human rights violations.

The United States froze economic and military assistance to Panama in the summer of 1987 in response to the domestic political crisis and an attack on the U.S. embassy. General Noriega's February 1988 indictment in U.S. courts on drug-trafficking charges sharpened tensions. In April 1988, President Reagan invoked the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, freezing Panamanian Government assets in U.S. banks, witholding fees for using the canal, and prohibiting payments by American agencies, firms, and individuals to the Noriega regime. The country went into turmoil. When national elections were held in May 1989, Panamanians voted for the anti-Noriega candidates by a margin of over three-to-one. The Norieiga regime promptly annulled the election and embarked on a new round of repression. By the fall of 1989, the regime was barely clinging to power.

When Guillermo Endara won the 1989 Presidential elections, the current regime (as well as the Organization of American States) refused to recognize the results, citing massive US interference. Foreign election observers, including the Catholic Church and Jimmy Carter certified the electoral victory of Endara despite widespread attempts at fraud by the regime. On December 20, 1989, the United States invaded after the killing of a US citizen and other incidents of harassment by followers of General Manuel Noriega, who was then captured and brought back to the United States for trial. The U.S. troops involved in Operation Just Cause achieved their primary objectives quickly, and troop withdrawal began on December 27. Endara was sworn in as President at an US military base on the day of the invasion. Noriega is now serving a 40-year sentence for drug trafficking. Two years later thousands of Panamians "marked the day with a 'black march' through the streets of this capital to denounce the US invasion and the Endara economic policies", the French press agency reported. They also claimed that US troops had killed 3000 people and buried many corpses in mass graves or thrown them into the sea.

The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were turned over to Panama on December 31 1999.

Rebuilding Democracy

Panamanians moved quickly to rebuild their civilian constitutional government. On December 27, 1989, Panama's Electoral Tribunal invalidated the Norieiga regime's annulment of the May 1989 election and confirmed the victory of opposition candidates under the leadership of President Guillermo Endara and Vice Presidents Guillermo Ford and Ricardo Arias Calderon.

President Endara took office as the head of a four-party minority government, pledging to foster Panama's economic recovery, transform the Panamanian military into a police force under civilian control, and strengthen democratic institutions. During its 5-year term, the Endara government struggled to meet the public's high expectations. Its new police force proved to be a major improvement in outlook and behavior over its thuggish predecessor but was not fully able to deter crime. In 1992 he would have received 2.4 percent of the vote if there had been an election (according to a poll). Ernesto Perez Balladares was sworn in as President on September 1, 1994, after an internationally monitored election campaign.

Perez Balladares ran as the candidate for a three-party coalition dominated by the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), the erstwhile political arm of the military dictatorship during the Torrijos and Norieiga years. A long-time member of the PRD, Perez Balladares worked skillfully during the campaign to rehabilitate the PRD's image, emphasizing the party's populist Torrijos roots rather than its association with Noriega. He won the election with only 33% of the vote when the major non-PRD forces, unable to agree on a joint candidate, splintered into competing factions. His administration carried out economic reforms and often worked closely with the U.S. on implementation of the Canal treaties.

On May 2, 1999, Mireya Moscoso, the widow of former President Arnulfo Arias Madrid, defeated PRD candidate Martin Torrijos, son of the late dictator. The elections were considered free and fair. Moscoso took office on September 1, 1999.

During her administration, Moscoso has attempted to strengthen social programs, especially for child and youth development, protection, and general welfare. Education programs have also been highlighted. More recently, Moscoso was focused on bilateral and multilateral free trade initiatives with the hemisphere. Moscoso's administration successfully handled the Panama Canal transfer and has been effective in the administration of the Canal.

Panama's counternarcotics cooperation has been excellent, and the Panamanian Government has expanded money-laundering legislation and concluded with the U.S. a Counternarcotics Maritime Agreement and a Stolen Vehicles Agreement. In the economic investment arena, the Panamanian Government has been very successful in the enforcement of intellectual property rights and has concluded with the U.S. a very important Bilateral Investment Treaty Amendment and an agreement with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). The Moscoso administration has been very supportive of the United States in combating international terrorism.

See also : Panama

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "History of Panama."

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List of cities in Panama

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is a list of cities in Panama.

• Colón
• Panama City

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of cities in Panama."

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Panama

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Panama is the southernmost country in the continent of North America.

República de Panamá

coat of arms (In Detail) (Full size)
National motto: Pro Mundi Beneficio
Official language	Spanish
Capital	Panama City
President	Mireya Elisa Moscoso
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 115th 78,200 km² 2.9%
Population  - Total  - Density	Ranked 131st 2,845,647 37/km²
Independence  - Declared	From Colombia November 3, 1903
Currency	Balboa
Time zone	UTC -5
National anthem	Himno Istemño
Internet TLD	.PA
Calling Code	507

History

Main article: History of Panama

Panama was part of the Spanish Colonization in America until 1821 when it seceded and joined the Great Colombia of Simón Bolivar. On November 3 , 1903 it became an independent Republic. Theodore Roosevelt's gunboat diplomacy and the United States military helped the Panamanian rebels secede from Colombia and then signed the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty treaty by which it was granted rights to build the Panama Canal.

By the Torrijos-Carter Treaty, on December 31 of 1999, the United States handed back the canal to Panama.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Panama

Panama is a representative democracy with three branches of government: executive and legislative branches elected by direct vote for 5-year terms, and an independently appointed judiciary. The executive branch includes a president and two vice presidents. The legislative branch consists of a 72-member unicameral Legislative Assembly. The judicial branch is organized under a nine-member Supreme Court and includes all tribunals and municipal courts. An autonomous Electoral Tribunal supervises voter registration, the election process, and the activities of political parties. Everyone over the age of 18 is required to vote, although those who fail to do so are not penalized.

Provinces

Main article: Provinces of Panama

Panama is divided into 9 provinces (provincias) and 5 territories (comarcas), marked by a *:

Bocas del Toro Chiriqui Cocle Colon Darien

Emberá* Herrera Kuna de Madugandi* Kuna de Wargandi* Kuna Yala*

Los Santos Ngobe-Bugle* Panama Veraguas

Geography

Main article: Geography of Panama

Panama in located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica. Its strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming a land bridge connecting North and South America. By 1999, Panama controls the Panama Canal that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Panama

Because of its key geographic location, Panama's economy is service-based, heavily weighted toward banking, commerce, and tourism. The hand-over of the canal and military installations by the US has given rise to new construction projects. The Moscoso administration inherited an economy that is much more structurally sound and liberalized than the one inherited by its predecessor.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Panama

The culture, customs, and language of the Panamanians are predominantly Caribbean Spanish. Ethnically, the majority of the population is mestizo or mixed Spanish, Indian, Chinese, and West Indian. Spanish is the official and dominant language; English is a common second language spoken by the West Indians and by many in business and the professions. More than half the population lives in the Panama City-Colón metropolitan corridor.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Panama

Holidays

Date	English Name	Local Name	Remarks
November 3	Independence Day

• Music of Panama

Miscellaneous topics

• Communications in Panama
• Transportation in Panama
• Military of Panama
• Foreign relations of Panama
• List of Panamanians

External links

• Panama Banknotes

---

Countries of the world  |  North America

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Panama."

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Panama Canal

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Panama Canal is a large canal that cuts through the isthmus of Panama and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The canal has two sets of locks on the Pacific side and one on the Atlantic. The Pacific end, called Miraflores, is 24 cm higher than the Atlantic end, called Gatún, and has much greater tides. Between Miraflores Locks and Gatún Lake are Pedro Miguel Locks; each of these sets consists of one lock for Atlantic-bound ships and one for Pacific-bound. Lake Gatún, which is 26 meters above sea level, is fed by the Chagres River, which was dammed to make the lake. Gaillard Cut, between Miraflores and Pedro Miguel, is 9 meters above sea level. The Atlantic end is northwest of the Pacific end.

Several islands are located within the Lake Gatún portion of the Panama Canal, including Barro Colorado Island, a nature preserve.

History

The dream of a canal across the isthmus of Central America went back centuries, and there was serious discussion that such could be built from the 1820s on. The two routes appearing most favorable were across Panama and across Nicaragua, with a route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico a third option. There was serious discussion and surveys taken concerning the Nicaragua route; see: Nicaragua Canal.

The Panama Railway was built across the isthmus from 1850 to 1855. The existance of the infastructure of this functioning railroad was a key consideration in plans to build the canal in Panama.

Prior to the Panama Canal's construction, the fastest way to travel by ship from New York to California would have been to round the tip of South America, a long and dangerous route. After the success of the Suez Canal in Egypt, the French believed that they could connect another two seas with as little difficulty. Ferdinand de Lesseps, the same person who was in charge of the construction of the Suez Canal, was first called upon to build the new canal at Panama. Construction on the canal began on January 1, 1880.

Unfortunately, the French did not realise the difference between digging quantities of sand in a dry flat area and removing vast quantities of rock from the middle of a jungle. Technical problems and high mortality rates from malaria, yellow fever and other tropical diseases eventually forced the French to give up.

President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States felt that the USA could complete the project and that US control of the passage from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans would be militarily and economically important to the United States. At the time Panama was part of Colombia so Roosevelt proceded to negotiate with the Colombians to obtain the rights needed to build the canal. In early 1903 the Hay-Herran Treaty was signed by both nations but the Colombian Senate failed to ratify the treaty. In what was then, and still is, a very controversial move, Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted that the US Navy would assist their cause for independence. Panama then proclaimed it independence on November 3, 1903.

Here, three locks of the canal can be seen (Larger Version)

Then when fighting began Roosevelt ordered US battleships stationed off of Panama's coast for "training exercises." Many argue that fear of a war with the United States caused the Colombians to largely avoid serious opposition to the revolution. The victorious Panamanians returned the favor to Roosevelt by allowing the United States to gain control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23, 1904 for $10 million (as provided in the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, signed on November 18, 1903).

The first success of the North Americans was in eliminating the noxious yellow fever that had been killing so many workers. Walter Reed had determined in Cuba during the Spanish-American War that mosquitos spread the disease. 20,000 French workers had died from disease, but new sanitary procedures led by Dr. William Gorgas eliminated yellow fever in 1905.

John Findlay Wallace was the first chief engineer of the project. His work did not go well, hampered by disease. He resigned after one year. The second chief engineer, John Stevens, started by improving living conditions for the workers. He eventually abandoned the sea level canal plan and started work on a lock and dam system. He resigned in 1907. US Colonel George Washington Goethals was the last chief engineer and his engineering of the Canal earned much praise at the time. The work on the canal was still grueling, but great progress was made.

US President Woodrow Wilson triggered the explosion of the Gamboa Dike on October 10, 1913 thus ending construction on the canal.

Pedro Miguel Locks under construction, early 1910's, showing center wall and intakes, looking north

When the canal opened in 1914 it was a technological marvel. A complex series of locks let even large ships pass through. The canal was an important strategic and economic asset to the US, and revolutionized world shipping patterns.

The United States used the canal during World War II to help revitalize their devastated Pacific Fleet. Some of the largest ships the United States needed to pass through the canal were aircraft carriers, in particular the Essex class aircraft carrier. These ships were so large that, although the locks could hold the carriers, the lampposts which lined the canal needed to be removed to allow for the carrier's required space to pass through.

The canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it were administered by the United States until 1999 when control was relinquished to Panama. This was the result of the September 7, 1977 signing of the Torrijos - Carter Treaty in which US president Jimmy Carter conceded to Panamanian demands for control. The treaty called for a gradual changeover, placing the canal completely in Panamanian jurisdiction by December 31, 1999.

Panama has since managed the Canal in a very professional way, breaking all previous traffic, revenue and safety records year after year.

It has been declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

External links

• Official website of the Panama Canal Authority
• Dr. Alonso Roy's short essays on Panama Canal History
• Reclaim Our Canal!
• U.S. DEFENSE - AMERICAN VICTORY Panama Canal Page
• THE HONORABLE BOB BARR, et al., v. MADELEINE ALBRIGHT Panama Canal case
• JUDICIAL WATCH, INC. v. PANAMA CANAL COMMISSION case
• 11th-hour plan to save Panama Canal

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Panama Canal."

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Panama City

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is about the capital of Panama. There is also Panama City, Florida. Panama City, population 584,803 (1990), is the capital of Panama. The city was founded on August 15, 1519 by Pedro Arias de Avila, and flourished during Spanish colonial times as a major port. It was destroyed in 1671 by Sir Henry Morgan, but rebuilt in 1673. Construction of the Panama Canal brought increased prosperity. Panama City is no longer a port; commerce is handled through neighboring Balboa.

The University of Panama is located in the city.

Panama City's international airport is Tocumen International Airport.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Panama City."

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Panama, Illinois

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Panama is a village located in Bond County, Illinois. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 323.

Geography

Panama is located at 39°1'50" North, 89°31'25" West (39.030451, -89.523548)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²). 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 323 people, 155 households, and 84 families residing in the village. The population density is 366.8/km² (958.3/mi²). There are 174 housing units at an average density of 197.6/km² (516.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 97.83% White, 0.00% African American, 0.93% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 1.24% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 155 households out of which 20.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 45.2% are non-families. 41.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.08 and the average family size is 2.75. In the village the population is spread out with 20.4% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 22.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females there are 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.6 males. The median income for a household in the village is $28,889, and the median income for a family is $38,125. Males have a median income of $29,861 versus $17,250 for females. The per capita income for the village is $21,634. 14.0% of the population and 7.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 15.9% are under the age of 18 and 8.3% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Panama, Illinois."

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Panama, Iowa

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Panama is a city located in Shelby County, Iowa. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 212.

Geography

Panama is located at 41°43'36" North, 95°28'27" West (41.726691, -95.474235)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²). 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 212 people, 96 households, and 57 families residing in the city. The population density is 292.3/km² (745.0/mi²). There are 105 housing units at an average density of 144.8/km² (369.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.11% White, 0.47% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 96 households out of which 21.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% are married couples living together, 3.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.6% are non-families. 36.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.21 and the average family size is 2.95. In the city the population is spread out with 23.6% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 86.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $37,917, and the median income for a family is $55,000. Males have a median income of $29,375 versus $25,556 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,078. 5.6% of the population and 3.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 14.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Panama, Iowa."

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Panama, Nebraska

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Panama is a village located in Lancaster County, Nebraska. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 253.

Geography

Panama is located at 40°35'52" North, 96°30'38" West (40.597640, -96.510599)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²). 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 253 people, 97 households, and 77 families residing in the village. The population density is 361.8/km² (943.2/mi²). There are 101 housing units at an average density of 144.4/km² (376.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 98.81% White, 0.79% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.79% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 97 households out of which 42.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.1% are married couples living together, 5.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% are non-families. 16.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 2.96. In the village the population is spread out with 30.4% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.2 males. The median income for a household in the village is $47,841, and the median income for a family is $50,625. Males have a median income of $36,563 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the village is $17,596. 1.4% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Panama, Nebraska."

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Panama, New York

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Panama is a village located in Chautauqua County, New York. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 491.

Geography

Panama is located at 42°4'32" North, 79°29'11" West (42.075487, -79.486511)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 5.7 km² (2.2 mi²). 5.6 km² (2.2 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.91% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 491 people, 191 households, and 135 families residing in the village. The population density is 87.4/km² (226.4/mi²). There are 208 housing units at an average density of 37.0/km² (95.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 96.74% White, 1.02% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.41% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. 0.61% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 191 households out of which 31.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% are married couples living together, 7.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% are non-families. 22.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.57 and the average family size is 3.07. In the village the population is spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.5 males. The median income for a household in the village is $31,250, and the median income for a family is $38,125. Males have a median income of $31,944 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the village is $16,410. 11.7% of the population and 9.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 18.0% are under the age of 18 and 7.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Panama, New York."

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Panama, Oklahoma

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Panama is a town located in Le Flore County, Oklahoma. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,362.

Geography

Panama is located at 35°10'14" North, 94°40'12" West (35.170591, -94.670099)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.9 km² (1.5 mi²). 3.9 km² (1.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.66% is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 1,362 people, 530 households, and 364 families residing in the town. The population density is 348.3/km² (903.0/mi²). There are 626 housing units at an average density of 160.1/km² (415.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 84.14% White, 0.00% African American, 8.37% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.88% from other races, and 6.24% from two or more races. 2.57% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 530 households out of which 34.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% are married couples living together, 15.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% are non-families. 26.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.57 and the average family size is 3.12. In the town the population is spread out with 29.1% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $23,385, and the median income for a family is $29,500. Males have a median income of $27,260 versus $17,679 for females. The per capita income for the town is $12,878. 24.3% of the population and 19.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 30.8% are under the age of 18 and 18.8% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Panama, Oklahoma."

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Transportation in Panama

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Railways:
total: 355 km
broad gauge: 76 km 1.524-m gauge
narrow gauge: 279 km 0.914-m gauge

Highways:
total: 11,258 km
paved: 3,783 km (including 30 km of expressways)
unpaved: 7,475 km (1999 est.)

Waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal

Pipelines: crude oil 130 km

Ports and harbors: Balboa, Cristobal, Coco Solo, Manzanillo (part of Colon area), Vacamonte

Merchant marine:
total: 4,732 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 106,054,086 GRT/159,304,019 DWT
ships by type: bulk 1,377, cargo 976, chemical tanker 323, combination bulk 68, combination ore/oil 15, container 525, liquified gas 184, livestock carrier 8, multi-functional large load carrier 12, passenger 46, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 496, rail car carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 313, roll-on/roll-off 106, short-sea passenger 42, specialized tanker 33, vehicle carrier 202 (1999 est.)
note: a flag of convenience registry; includes ships from 71 countries among which are Japan 1,262, Greece 378, Hong Kong 244, South Korea 259, Taiwan 229, China 193, Singapore 103, United States 116, Switzerland 78, and Indonesia 53 (1998 est.)

Airports: 105 (1999 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 41
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 21 (1999 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 64
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 49 (1999 est.)

See also : Panama

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Transportation in Panama."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Panama

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Modern Usage: Panama

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Commercial Usage: Panama

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Image Slideshow: Panama

Photos: Panama More pictures...

Illustrations: Panama More pictures...

Computer Images: Panama More pictures...

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Photo Album: Panama

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Locks at Pacific end of Panama Canal. View from ship of opening gates. Ship is moved forward and stopped by cables attached to small electric locomotives on tracks. Credit: CDC.		NOAA Ship RESEARCHER passing through the Panama Canal. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	Leveling across Isthmus of Panama. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		Fishing off the jetty at Panama City Beach. Credit: Fisheries.
	Passing through the Panama Canal on board the NOAA Ship RESEARCHER. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.		The NOAA Ship RESEARCHER waiting for transit through the Panama Canal. A United States Navy battleship is being towed in the background. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
	U.S. Air Force Hospital, Tyndale Air Force Base, Panama City, FL. : Dependent's waiting room. Credit: National Library of Medicine.		Sanitary engineering : Aerial view of swamp at Old Panama R.P. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
	Underway during a Neutrality Patrol, 29 June 1941. Photographed from USS Wasp (CV-7). Note her unusual paint scheme: overall No. 5 Navy Gray on vertical surfaces, with all identifying markings painted out. This was done as a security measure prior to her transiting the Panama Canal earlier in the Spring. Credit: NAVY.		In the Pedro Miguel Lock, Panama Canal, 13 September 1920. Credit: NAVY.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Panama
 

"Panama Canal 1" by Harry Barkan Commentary: "Canal transit scenes."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Familiar Quotations: Panama

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Use in Literature: Panama

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Non-Fiction Usage: Panama

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Speeches: Panama

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Usage Frequency: Panama

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Cities: Panama

INDEX

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