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CO

Specialty Definition: CO

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Specialty Definition: Carbon dioxide

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Name	Carbon dioxide
Chemical Formula	CO2
Appearance	Colourless gas
Physical
Formula weight	44.0 amu
Melting point	Liquifies under high pressure at 216 K (-57 °C)
Boiling point	sublimes at 195 K (-78 °C)
Density	1.6 ×103 kg/m3 (solid) 1.98 kg/m3 (gas at 298 K)
Solubility	0.145 g in 100g water
Thermochemistry
ΔfH0gas	-393.52 kJ/mol
ΔfH0solid	? kJ/mol
S0gas, 1 bar	213.79 J/mol·K
S0solid	? J/mol·K
Safety
Ingestion	May cause nausea, vomiting, GI hemorrhage.
Inhalation	Asphyxiant (suffocating), causes hyperventilation. Repeated exposure dangerous.
Skin	Dry ice may cause frostbite.
Eyes	Can be dangerous.
More info	Hazardous Chemical Database
SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references

The chemical compound carbon dioxide, or CO₂, is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide results from the combustion of organic matter if sufficient amounts of oxygen are present. It is also produced by various microorganisms in fermentation and is breathed out by animals. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, using both the carbon and the oxygen to construct carbohydrates. It is present in the Earth's atmosphere at a low concentration and acts as a greenhouse gas. It is a major component of the carbon cycle.

Chemical and physical properties

Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a weak odor. Its density at 298K is 1.98 kg m^-3, about 1.5 times that of air. The carbon dioxide molecule

  O=C=O

contains two double bonds and has a linear shape. It has no electrical dipole. As it is fully oxidized, it is not very reactive and in particular not flammable.

Carbon dioxide can be reduced to a liquid and solid form by intense pressure. At standard pressure, it is never liquid: it directly passes between the gaseous and solid phase at -78°C in a process called sublimation.

Water will absorb its own volume of carbon dioxide, and more than this under pressure. About 1% of the dissolved carbon dioxide turns into carbonic acid, resulting in a slightly acidic taste. The carbonic acid in turn dissociates partly to form bicarbonate and carbonate ions.

Uses

Carbon dioxide in its solid frozen form it is also known as dry ice. It is used

• for cooling
• to produce 'dry ice fog' for special effects: when dry ice is put into contact with water, the resulting mixture of CO₂ and cold humid air causes condensation and a fog
• for cleaning: shooting tiny dry ice pellets at a surface cools the dirt and causes it to pop off

Dry ice is produced by compressing CO₂ to a liquid form, removing excess heat, and then letting the liquid carbon dioxide expand quickly. This expansion causes a drop in temperature so that some of the CO₂ freezes to "snow" which is then compressed.

Carbon dioxide extinguishes flames, and some fire extinguishers contain pressured liquid carbon dioxide. Life jackets often contain capsules of pressured liquid carbon dioxide used for quick inflation.

Water containing dissolved carbon dioxide is also known as carbonated water or soda water. Carbonated water is contained in many soft drinks and some natural springs. Some beverages, such as beer and sparkling wine contain carbon dioxide as a result of fermentation.

Many leavening agents used for baking produce carbon dioxide to cause the dough to rise. Examples are baker's yeast and baking powder.

Biology

Carbon dioxide is a waste product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars or fats with oxygen as part of their metabolism, in a process known as cellular respiration. This includes all animals, many fungi and some bacteria. In higher animals, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood (where most of it is held in solution) from the body's tissues to the lungs where it is exhaled.

Carbon dioxide, when breathed in high concentrations (about 5% by volume), is toxic to humans and other animals. Hemoglobin, the main molecule in red blood cells, can bind both to oxygen and to carbon dioxide. If the CO₂ concentration is too high, then all hemoglobin is saturated with carbon dioxide and no oxygen transport takes place (even if plenty of oxygen is in the air). Carbon dioxide and dry ice should therefore only be handled in well ventilated areas.

The CO₂ that is carried in blood can be find in different areas. 8% of CO₂ is in the plasma as a gas. 20% of it is bound to hemoglobin, The CO₂ bounded to hemolobin is not competing with oxygen binding since it binds to amino acids rather than hemo molecules.The remaining 72% of it is carried as bicarbonate HCO₃- which is a buffer important in our pH regulation. The level of bicarbonate is regulated and if it is high then we breath more rapidly to get rid of the excess carbon dioxide.The level of carbon dioxide/bicarbonate in the blood affects the thickness of the blood capillaries. If it is high, the capillaries expand and more blood rushes in and carries the excess bicarbonate to the lungs. To help avoid the loss of carbon dioxide to a deadly low level, the body has developed certain defensive mechanisms. These include contractions of the air pipes and blood pipes, and the increased production of mucus.

Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, which uses light energy to produce organic plant materials by combining carbon dioxide and water. This releases free oxygen gas. Sometimes carbon dioxide gas is pumped into greenhouses to promote plant growth.

Atmosphere

The earth's atmosphere contains about 0.037% or 370 ppm CO₂ by volume. Due to the greater land area, and therefore greater plant life, in the northern hemisphere as compared to the southern hemisphere, there is an annual fluctuation of about 5 ppm, peaking in May and reaching a minimum in October at the end of the northern hemisphere growing season, when the quantity of biomass on the planet is greatest.

Despite its small concentration, CO₂ is a very important component of Earth's atmosphere, because it traps infrared radiation and enhances the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus keeping the Earth from cooling down. The initial carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the young Earth was produced by volcanic activity; this was necessary for a warm and stable climate conducive to life. Volcanic activity now releases about 130-230 million metric tons (145-255 million short tons) of carbon dioxide each year. Volcanic releases are about 1% the amount which is released by human activities.

Atmospheric CO₂ has increased about 30 percent since the early 1800s, with an estimated increase of 17 percent since 1958. Burning fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum is the leading cause of increased man-made CO₂, deforestation the second major cause.

The global warming hypothesis was first recorded in scientific literature near the end of the 19th century. It predicts that increased amounts of CO₂ in the atmosphere tend to increase the greenhouse effect and thus contribute to global warming. The size of this effect is still a matter of debate. The widespread opinion that there is currently a warming phase and that the increased carbon dioxide concentration is a major contributor to it has led to international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol which aim to regulate the release of CO₂ into the atmosphere. See also: global warming controversy.

Carbon dioxide is the main component of the atmospheres of Mars and Venus.

Oceans

The Earth's oceans dissolve a major amount of carbon dioxide. The resulting carbonate anions bind to cations present in sea water such as Ca²⁺ and Mg2⁺ to form deposits of limestone and dolomite. Most carbon dioxide in the atmosphere eventually undergoes this fate: if all the carbonate rocks in the earth's crust were to be converted back in to carbon dioxide, the resulting carbon dioxide would weigh 40 times as much as the rest of the atmosphere.

History

Carbon dioxide was first described by the Belgian chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont in the 17th century.

External links

• Dry Ice information
• Bassam Z. Shakhashiri: Chemical of the Week: Carbon Dioxide
• Keeling, C.D. and T.P. Whorf: Atmospheric carbon dioxide record from Mauna Loa, 2002

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Carbon dioxide."

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Carbon monoxide

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Properties

General
Name	Carbon monoxide
Chemical formula	CO
Appearance	Colourless gas
Physical
Formula weight	28.0 amu
Melting point	68 K (-205 °C)
Boiling point	81 K (-192 °C)
Density	8.0 ×103 kg/m3 (liquid)
Solubility	0.0026 g in 100g water
Thermochemistry
ΔfH0gas	-110.53 kJ/mol
ΔfH0liquid	? kJ/mol
ΔfH0solid	? kJ/mol
S0gas, 1 bar	197.66 J/mol·K
S0liquid, 1 bar	? J/mol·K
S0solid	? J/mol·K
Safety
Ingestion	May cause nausea and vomiting.
Inhalation	Very dangerous, can be fatal.
Skin	Inhalation may cause skin lesions. Avoid contact with cryogenic liquid.
Eyes	Inhalation can cause long-term problems with vision.
More info	Hazardous Chemical Database
SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references

Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds.

Toxicity

Carbon monoxide is emitted by cars, because the temperature is too low to effect complete oxidation of the CO to CO₂, because the time (i.e., the residence time) available in the combustion chamber is too short, or because there is insufficient oxygen present. Usually, it is more difficult to design and operate a combustor for very low CO than for very low unburned hydrocarbons.

CO binds very strongly to the iron atom in hemoglobin, (the principal oxygen-carrying compound in blood); this renders the hemoglobin incapable of releasing oxygen. A sufficient exposure to carbon monoxide can reduce the amount of oxygen taken up by the brain to the point that the victim becomes unconscious, and can suffer brain damage or even death from anoxia. Hemoglobin acquires a bright red colour when bound to carbon monoxide, so a casualty of CO poisoning can actually look abnormally pink-cheeked and healthy. First aid for carbon monoxide poisoning is to immediately remove the patient from the exposure without endangering yourself, call for help, and if able to do so apply oxygen therapy.

Town gas, used for illumination and heating from the 19th century, was made by passing steam through red-hot coke; the resultant reaction between the water and carbon generated a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Town gas has now been replaced by natural gas (methane). Wood gas, the result of the incomplete combustion of wood, also contains carbon monoxide as a major component. The exhaust of the internal combustion engine, when burning a carbon based fuel (i.e. almost any fuel except pure hydrogen) contains carbon monoxide as well.

As other poisons such as cyanide or arsenic had their availability placed under more and more stringent legal restrictions, the use of carbon monoxide in town gas became the principal method of suicide by poisoning. Later, suicide was often committed by inhaling exhaust fumes of running engines. Air-quality regulations have begun to reduce suicide by this route, as catalytic converters designed to clean up the exhausts remove all but a trace of CO.

During World War II, the Nazis devised a portable gas chamber for their murder of Jews and other minorities: the so-called `gas van', a Diesel engine van, with the CO-laden exhaust piped into the back of the van.

A major problem of accidental CO poisoning that still exists is the use of heaters, particularly gas water heaters and gas fires which are improperly vented. There are a number of deaths every year from this cause.

Physiological Role

Carbon monoxide is produced naturally by the body. The breakdown-product of hemoglobin, heme, is a substrate for the enzyme heme oxygenase which produces CO and biliverdin. The biliverdin can then be reduced to bilirubin which is excreted by the liver. The CO produced in the brain might act as a neurotransmitter.

Chemistry

The structure of the CO molecule is best described using molecular orbital theory. The length of the bond (0.111 nm) indicates that it has a partial triple bond character. The molecule has a small dipole moment and is often represented by three resonance structures:

Note that the octet rule is violated for the carbon atom in the two structures on the right.

The metal nickel forms a volatile compound with carbon monoxide, known as nickel carbonyl. The carbonyl decomposes readily back to the metal and gas, and this was used as the basis for the industrial purification of nickel.

As in nickel carbonyl and other carbonyls, the electron pair on the carbon bonded to the metal. In this case carbon monoxide is regarded as a the carbonyl ligand.

The CAS registry number of carbon monoxide is 630-08-0.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Carbon monoxide."

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Carbonate

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Carbonate is a compound ion with a charge of -2 and an elemental formula of CO₃^2-. An aqueous solution of carbon dioxide contains a minute amount of H₂CO₃, called carbonic acid, which dissociates to form hydrogen ions and carbonate ions. It would be a fairly strong acid if carbonic acid existed in pure form, but the equilibrium favors carbon dioxide and so such solutions are fairly weak. In biological systems the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes this interconversion between carbon dioxide and carbonate ions.

Carbonate-containing salts are industrially and minerologically ubiquitous. The term "carbonate" is also commonly used to refer to one of these salts. Most common is limestone, or calcium carbonate.

The term is also used as a verb, to describe the process of raising carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations in water, see also carbonated water, either by the introduction under pressure of carbon dioxide gas into the water, or by dissoving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water.

At one time, it was thought that the presence of carbonates in rock was unequivocal evidence for the presence of liquid water. Recent observations of two planetary nebulae reported in the January 17, 2002 issue of the scientific journal Nature indicate that carbonates can form in interplanetary space.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Carbonate."

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Carbonyl

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A carbonyl group comprises a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom. This is the functional group in aldehydes (where it is located terminally) and ketones (internally), and forms the basis for several other functional groups, such as those of carboxylic acids (alcohol-branched carboxyl group) and amides (NH-branched).

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Carbonyl."

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Carboxylic acid

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In chemistry, especially in organic chemistry and biochemistry, carboxylic acids are acids characterized by the presence of the carboxyl group.

In chemical formulas, these groups are typically represented as COOH. Molecules containing such a functional group are also called carboxylic acids or organic acids.

The two electronegative oxygen atoms tend to pull the electron away from the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group, and the remaining proton can more easily leave. The remaining negative charge is then distributed symmetrically among the two oxygen atoms, and the two carbon–oxygen bonds take on a partial double bond character (i.e., they are delocalised).

This is a result of the resonance structure created by the carbonyl component of the carboxylic acid, without which the OH group does not as easily lose its H⁺ (see alcohol). The resulting ion is typically named with the suffix "-ate", so acetic acid, for example, becomes acetate ion.

Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids, with only about 1% of RCOOH molecules dissociated into ions at room temperature in aqueous solution.

Carboxylic acids react with bases to form carboxylate salts, in which the hydrogen of the -OH group is replaced with a metal ion. Thus, ethanoic/acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to form sodium ethanoate (sodium acetate), carbon dioxide, and water:

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + CO₂ + H₂O

Carboxyl groups also react with amine groups to form peptide bonds and with alcohols to form esters.

Some carboxylic acids include:

• HCOOH formic acid (found in insect stings, formic refers to ants)
• CH₃COOH acetic or ethanoic acid (found in vinegar)
• CH₃CH₂COOH propanoic acid
• C₆H₅COOH benzoic acid (sodium benzoate, the sodium salt of benzoic acid is used as a food preservative)
• lactic acid
• butyric acid
• all amino acids
• all fatty acids, where R is an alkane in saturated acids and an alkene in unsaturated acids

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Carboxylic acid."

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Co

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The abbreviation Co or CO may refer to several articles in Wikipedia:

• chemical symbol for Cobalt (Co)
• chemical symbol for Carbon monoxide (CO)
• ISO 3166-1 code for Colombia
• the U.S. postal abbreviation for Colorado
• airline code for Continental Airlines
• Company
• Commanding Officer, in the military
• Central office, in telecommunications and telephony

Co is also a gender-neutral pronoun.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Co."

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CO2 sink

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A carbon dioxide (CO₂) sink is a concept that has become widely known through the Kyoto protocol. The idea is that growing vegetation absorbs CO₂, so that countries that have large areas of forest (or other vegetation) can deduct a certain amount from their CO₂ emissions, thus making it easier to achieve the desired emission levels.

Some countries also want to be able to trade in emission rights to make it possible for one country to buy the use of CO₂ sinks in another country. The use of CO₂ sinks, however, is not uncontroversial.

Carbon sinks base on an understanding of the carbon cycle. Enormous amounts of carbon are naturally stored in trees and the oceans. As part of the photosynthesis trees absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere and store it as carbon while oxygen is released back into the atmosphere. Young trees which grow more rapidly absorb a larger amount of CO₂. Older trees grow less rapidly and thus have a lower intake of CO₂. With trees living up to 700 years, for instance in Scandinavia, trees can store a considerable amount of carbon. Eventually, however, all trees die and rot releasing most of the stored carbon back to the atmosphere. This process is accelerated when burning the wood.

Some studies indicate that a forest can be a net source of CO₂, the exact circumstances are currently unclear. Moreover, the plantation of new forests may also be a source of CO₂ emission when carbon from the soil is released into the atmosphere. Even though the extent of carbon storing is unclear, it seems clear that the use of forests to curb climate change is only a temporary measure. To prevent the stored carbon from being released into the atmosphere, there are suggestions of sinking trees into the ocean.

Such suggestions rise serious questions about feasability, especially since even optimistic estimates come to the conclusion that the plantion of new forests is not enough to counter-balance the curent level of CO₂ emissions.

Oceans are important CO₂ sinks. Other than forestation plans, there are no means to enlargen the size of the oceans. It has, however, been suggested to pump carbondioxide into the oceans where at least some of the gas will be absorbed. Again, such ideas fail tests of feasability.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "CO2 sink."

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Cobalt

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Iron - Cobalt - Nickel Co Rh       Full table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	Cobalt, Co, 27
Chemical series	Transition metals
Group, Period, Block	9 , 4 , d
Density, Hardness	8900 kg/m3, 5.0
Appearance	metallic with grey tinge
Atomic Properties
Atomic weight	58.933200 amu
Atomic radius (calc.)	135 (152) pm
Covalent radius	126 pm
van der Waals radius	n/a pm
Electron configuration	[Ar]3d3d74s2
e- 's per energy level	2, 8, 15, 2
Oxidation states (Oxide)	2,3 (amphoteric)
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Physical Properties
State of matter	solid (ferromagnetic)
Melting point	1768 K (2723 °F)
Boiling point	3200 K (5301 °F)
Molar volume	6.67 ×1010-3 m3/mol
Heat of vaporization	376.5 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion	16.19 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure	175 Pa at 1768 K
Velocity of sound	4720 m/s at 293.15 K
Miscellaneous
Electronegativity	1.88 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat capacity	420 J/(kg*K)
Electrical conductivity	17.2 106/m ohm
Thermal conductivity	100 W/(m*K)
1st ionization potential	760.4 kJ/mol
2nd ionization potential	1648 kJ/mol
3rd ionization potential	3232 kJ/mol
4th ionization potential	4950 kJ/mol
Most Stable Isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 56Co {syn.} 77.27 days e capture 4.566 56Fe 57Co {syn.} 271.79 days e capture 0.836 57Fe 58Co {syn.} 70.86 days e capture 2.307 58Fe 59Co 100% Co is stable with 32 neutrons 60Co {syn.} 5.2714 years β- 2.824 60Ni
SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Cobalt is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Co and atomic number 27.

Notable Characteristics

Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr momentums per atom. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Cobalt has a relative permeability two thirds that of iron. Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two cristallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp->fcc of 722 K.

Common oxidation states of cobalt include +2, and +3, though +1 is also seen.

Applications

• Alloys, such as:
  • Superalloys, for parts in gas turbine aircraft engines.
  • Corrosion- and wear-resistant alloys.
  • High-speed steels.
  • Cemented carbides (also called hardmetals) and diamond tools.
• Magnets and magnetic recording media.
• Catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries.
• electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation.
• Drying agents for paints, varnishes, and inks.
• Ground coats for porcelain enamelss.
• Pigments (cobalt blue and cobalt green).
• Battery electrodes.
• Steel-belted radial tires.
• Cobalt-60 has multiple uses as a gamma ray source:
  • It is used in radiotherapy.
  • It is used in radiation treatment of foods for sterilization (cold pasteurization).
  • It is used in industrial radiography to detect structural flaws in metal parts.

Use in Medicine

Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or ⁶⁰Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in radiotherapy. It produces two gamma X-rays with energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV. The cobalt-60 source is about 2cm in diameter and as a result produces a geometric penumbra, making the edge of the radiation field fuzzy. The metal has the unfortunate habit of producing a fine dust, causing problems with radiation protection. The Co-60 source is useful for about 5 years but even after this point is still very radioactive, and so cobalt machines have fallen from favour in the Western world where linacs are common. The first Co-60 therapy machine (the "cobalt bomb") was built and first used in Canada. In fact the first machine is on display in the Saskatoon Cancer Centre - look up when entering the lobby. The second machine is out beside the walkway into the Centre.

History

Cobalt was known in ancient times through its compounds, which would color glass a rich blue.

George Brandt (1694-1768) is credited with the discovery of cobalt. The date of discovery varies depending on the source, but is between 1730 and 1737. He was able to show that cobalt was the source of the blue color in glasses, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt.

During the 19th century, cobalt blue was produced at the Norwegian Blaafarveværket (70-80 % of world production), lead by the Prussian industrialist Benjamin Wegner.

In 1938, John Livingood and Glenn Seaborg discovered cobalt-60.

The word cobalt comes from the German kobalt or kobold, meaning evil spirit, the metal being so called by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome (it polluted and degraded the other mined elements, like nickel).

Biological Role

Cobalt in small amounts is essential to many living organisms, including humans. Having 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt in soils markedly improves the health of grazing animals. Cobalt is a central component of the vitamin cobalamin, or vitamin B-12.

Occurrence

Cobalt is not found as a free metal and is generally found in the form of ores. Cobalt is usually not mined alone, and tends to be produced as a by-product of nickel and copper mining activities. The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot, and skutterudite. The world’s major producers of cobalt are mainland China, Zambia, Russia and Australia.

Compounds

Due to the various oxidation states, there is an abundant number of compounds. Oxides are both antiferromagnetic at low temperature] CoO (Neel temperature: 291 K) and Co₃O₄ (Neel temperature: 40 K).

Isotopes

Naturally occurring cobalt is composed of 1 stable isotope, 59-Co (⁵⁹Co). 22 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 60-Co with a half-life of 5.2714 years, 57-Co (⁵⁷Co) with a half-life of 271.79 days, and 56-Co (⁵⁶Co) with a half-life of 77.27 days, and 58-Co (⁵⁸Co) with a half life of 70.86 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 18 hours and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 meta states, all of which have half lives less than 15 minutes.

The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from 50 amu (50-Co) to 73 amu (73-Co). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 59-Co, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 59-Co are element 26 (iron) isotopes and the primary products after are element 28 (nickel) isotopes.

Precautions

Powdered cobalt in metal form is a fire hazard. All cobalt compounds should be regarded as toxic, unless there is evidence to the contrary. Most cobalt compounds are probably not very toxic.

Cobalt-60 is a powerful gamma ray emitter and exposure to 60-Co is therefore a cancer risk. Ingestion of 60-Co will lead to incorporation of some cobalt into tissues, and this incorporated cobalt is released very slowly. Cobalt 60 is a risk factor in a nuclear confrontation because neutron emissions will convert some iron into this radioactive isotope. Some nuclear weapon designs could intentionally increase the amount of Cobalt-60 dispersed as nuclear fallout - this is sometimes called a dirty bomb or cobalt bomb. The risk in the absence of a nuclear war comes from improper handling (or theft) of medical radiotheraputic units.

External Links

• WebElements.com - Cobalt
• EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Cobalt
• People affected by Cobalt 60 radiation to sue for compensation
• London celebrates 50 years of Cobalt-60 Radiotherapy

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Cobalt."

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Colorado

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Colorado

(In Detail) (Full size)
State nickname: The Centennial State
Other U.S. States
Capital	Denver
Largest City	Denver
Area  - Total  - Land  - Water  - % water	Ranked 8th 269,837 km2 268,879 km2 962 km2 0.36%
Population  - Total (2000)  - Density	Ranked 24th 4,301,261 16/km2
Admittance into Union  - Order  - Date	38th August 1, 1876
Time zone	Mountain: UTC-7/-6
Latitude Longitude	37°N to 41°N 102°W to 109°W
Width Length Elevation  -Highest  -Mean  -Lowest	451 km 612 km   4399 meters 2,073 meters 1021 meters
ISO 3166-2:	US-CO

Colorado is a state in the western United States. The name of Colorado came from the Spanish word "colorado" which means "reddish". It is famous for the Rocky Mountains, where the highest peaks of the range exist. The state capital and largest city is Denver. As of the 2000 census, Colorado's population is 4,301,261. The U.S. Post Office abbreviation for the state is CO.

USS Colorado was named in honor of this state.

History

The Colorado Gold Rush of 1859 brought large numbers of settlers to the Denver area. Gold in paying quantities was soon discovered in the Central City area. By 1860 the population of Central City was 60,000. Like all resource extraction, mining is a boom or bust situation and over the years many small towns were established then abandoned when the paying ore ran out or the market collapsed. Some like Aspen, Telluride, and Cripple Creek have found new life as ski resorts, cultural centers, or gambling towns; others never recovered and became ghost towns.

• History prior to joining the United States
• Colorado was organized as a United States territory on February 28, 1861.
• when first came under U.S. control (if it was a territory prior to being a state)
• Attained statehood: 1876
• Colorado women were granted the right to vote starting on November 7, 1893.

Law and Government

Like the majority of the states, Colorado's current constitution provides for 3 branches of government: the legislative, executive and judicial branches. The legislative body is the General Assembly made up of two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives has 65 members and the Senate has 35. The governor, currently Bill Owens (Republican), heads the executive branch.See: List of Colorado Governors

Geography

See: List of Colorado counties

East of the front range of the Rocky Mountains are the Great Plains, within Colorado at elevations ranging from 3500 to 7000 feet. Kansas, Nebraska and Oklahoma border Colorado to the east. The plains are sparsely settled with most settlements along the South Platte and the Arkansas rivers and the I-70 corridor. Rainfall is meager, averaging about 15 inches per year. There is some irrigated farming, but much of the land is used for dryland farming or ranching. Winter wheat is a typical crop and most small towns in the region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator.

The major cities and towns lie just east of the front range, in the I-25 corridor. The majority of the population of Colorado lives in this densely urbanized strip.

To the west lies the front range of the Rocky Mountains with notable peaks such as Long's Peak, Mount Evans, Pike's Peak, and the Spanish Peaks near Walsenburg in the south. This area drains to the east, is forested, and is partially urbanized. With urbanization, utilization of the forest for timbering and grazing was retarded which resulted in accumulation of fuel. During the drought of 2002 devastating forest fires swept this area.

To the west of the front range lies the Continental divide. To the west of the continental divide is the Western Slope of Colorado. Water west of the continental divide drains into the Pacific Ocean via the Colorado River.

Within the interior of the Rocky Mountains there are several large parks or broad high basins. In the north, on the east side of the Continental divide is North Park. North Park is drained by the North Platte River which flows north into Wyoming. Just south, but on the west side of the continental divide is Middle Park, drained by the Colorado River. South Park is the headwaters of the South Platte River. To the South lies the San Luis Valley the headwaters of the Rio Grande which drains into New Mexico. Across the Sangre de Christo Range to the east of the San Luis Valley lies the Wet Mountain Valley. These basins, particularly the San Luis Valley, lie along the Rio Grande Rift, a major geological formation, and its branches. See Great Rift Valley.

The Rocky Mountains within Colorado contain 52 14,000 foot peaks. The mountains are timbered with conifer and aspen to an elevation of about 12,000 feet in southern Colorado to about 10,500 feet in northern Colorado which is Timberline, above which only alpine vegetation grows. The Rockies are snow-covered only in the winter; most snow melts by mid August with the exception of a few small glaciers. The Colorado Mineral Belt stretching from the San Juan Mountains in the southwest to Boulder and Central City on the front range contains the historic gold and silver mining districts of Colorado.

The Western Slope is generally drained by the Colorado River and its tributaries. Notable to the South are the San Juan Mountains an extremely rugged mountain range and to the west of the San Juans, The Colorado Plateau a high desert bordering Southern Utah. Grand Junction is the largest city on the Western Slope. Grand Junction is served by Interstate Hiway I-70. To the southeast of Grand Junction is Grand Mesa, a large flat-topped mountain. Further east lie the ski resorts of Aspen, Vail, Crested Butte, and Steamboat Springs. The northwestern corner of Colorado bordering Northern Utah and Western Wyoming is mostly sparsely populated rangeland.

From west to east, the state consists of desert-like basins, turning into plateaus, then alpine mountains, and then grasslands. Mount Elbert is the highest peak in the Rocky Mountains within the continental United States. The famous Pike's Peak is just west of Colorado Springs. Its lone peak is visible from near the Kansas border on clear days.

Colorado Tourism and Recreation

National Parks

* Black Canyon Of The Gunnison National Park
* Mesa Verde National Park
* Rocky Mountain National Park

Monuments and Historical Sites

=

* Colorado National Monument
* Dinosaur National Monument
* Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument
* Great Sand Dunes National Monument

Economy

The state's economy broadened when irrigated agriculture developed, and by the late 19th century livestock raising had become important. Early industry was based on the processing of minerals and agricultural products. Current agricultural products are cattle, wheat, dairy products, corn and hay.

In the second half of the 20th century the industrial and service sectors have expanded greatly. The state's economy is diversified and is notable for its concentration of scientific research and high-technology industries. Other industries include food processing, transportation equipment, machinery, chemical products, minerals such as gold and tourism. Denver is an important financial center.

The total state product in 1999 was $153 billion putting Colorado the 21^st. Per capital personal income in 2000 was $32,949.

Demographics

• racial/ethnic makeup of state
• religious makeup of state

Important Cities and Towns

The major cities of Colorado include:

Arvada Aspen -- renowned ski resort Aurora Boulder Broomfield Castle Rock Colorado Springs Denver Durango Englewood Fort Collins

Greeley Lakewood Leadville Littleton Longmont Loveland Pueblo Thornton Trinidad Walsenburg Westminster

Education

Colleges and Universities

Adams State College Colorado Christian University Colorado College Colorado School of Mines Colorado State University Colorado Technical University Fort Lewis College Jones International University Mesa State College Metropolitan State College of Denver

Naropa Institute National Technological University Nazarene Bible College Regis University Rocky Mountain College of Art and Design United States Air Force Academy University of Colorado System University of Colorado at Boulder University of Colorado at Colorado Springs University of Colorado at Denver University of Colorado Health Sciences Center University of Denver University of Northern Colorado University of Southern Colorado Western State College

Professional Sports Teams

Denver Broncos, National Football League Denver Nuggets, National Basketball Association Colorado Rockies, Major League Baseball

Colorado Avalanche, National Hockey League Colorado Rapids, Major League Soccer Colorado Springs Sky Sox, minor league baseball

Miscellaneous Information

See: Colorado River

Major Highways

Interstate 25 Interstate 70 Interstate 76 United States Highway 6

United States Highway 36 United States Highway 50 United States Highway 85 United States Highway 87

External Links and Information

• Explore Colorado, A Naturalist's Handbook, The Denver Museum of Natural History and Westcliff Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1-56579-124-X for an excellent guide to the ecological regions of Colorado.
• The Archeology of Colorado, Revised Edition, E. Steve Cassells, Johnson Books, Boulder, Colorado, 1997, trade paperback, ISBN 1-55566-193-9.
• Chokecherry Places, Essays from the High Plains, Merrill Gilfillan, Johnson Press, Boulder, Colorado, trade paperback, ISBN 1-55566-227-7.
• The Tie That Binds, Kent Haruf, 1984, hardcover, ISBN 0030719798, a fictional account of farming in Colorado.
• Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado's Historic Trains and Railway Sites, Claude Wiatrowski, Voyageur Press, 2002, hardcover, 160 pages, ISBN 0-89658-591-3

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Colorado."

Top     

List of people by name: Co

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ca - Cb - Cc - Cd - Ce - Cf - Cg - Ch - Ci - Cj - Ck - Cl - Cm - Cn - Co - Cp - Cq - Cr - Cs - Ct - Cu - Cv - Cw - Cx - Cy - Cz

• Coady, Lynn, Canadian writer
• Coady, Michael, Aosdána
• Coanda, Henri, (1886-1972), aerodynamics pioneer
• Coase, Ronald, (born 1910), economist
• Coates, Albert, (1882-1953), British composer
• Coates, Dorothy Love, musician
• Coates, Eric, (1886-1957), composer
• Coates, John, (born 1945), mathematician
• Robert Coates (actor), Victorian actor
• Robert Coates (musician), US musician
• Coats, Michael, astronaut
• Cobain, Kurt, (1967-1994), US grunge rocker
• Cobb, Andrew R, and Thomas Adams - Corner Brook, Newfoundland
• Cobb, Jimmy, musician
• Cobb, John R, (1899-1952), automobile racer
• Cobb, Lee J, (1911-1976), actor
• Cobb, Sylvanus , Jr, author of The Gunmaker of Moscow
• Cobb, Ty, (1886-1961), Baseball Hall of Famer
• Cobham, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury
• Coburn, Alvin Langdon, photographer
• Coburn, Charles, (died 1961), actor
• Coburn, James, (1928-2002), US actor
• Coca, Imogene, (1908-2001), actress
• Cochet, Henri, (France)
• Cochise, (died 1874), Amerincian chief
• Cochran, Eddie, (1938-1960), singer
• Cochrane, Ethel M, Canadian senator
• Cochran, Elizabeth Jane, (1865-1922), ("Nellie Bly"), journalist, writer
• Cochrane, Thomas, (1775-1860)
• Cochran, Jacqueline, (c. 1908-1980)
• Cochran, William, statistician
• Cochrane, Mickey, (1903-1962)
• Cochran, Johnnie L., Jr, (born 1937), attorney
• Cochran, Thad, US politician
• Cockburn, Bruce, (born 1945), singer\\songwriter
• Cockerell, Christopher, (1910-1999), hovercraft
• Cocker, Joe, (born 1944), singer
• Cockrell, Kenneth, astronaut
• Cockroft, George, (born 1932), author
• Cocteau, Jean, (1889-1963), French writer
• Codd, Edgar F, (died 2003), computer pioneer
• Code, Keith, racing instructor
• Codman, Charles, (1800-1842), American painter
• Coe, Barry, (born 1934), actor
• Coe, David Allan, (born 1939), musician
• Coe, Jonathan, English author, novelist
• Coe, Tony, musician
• Coelho, Paulo, (born 1947), writer
• Coëme, Guy, Minister-President of Wallonia
• Coen, Joel and Ethan, (born 1954), director, producer, writer
• Coenwulf of Mercia, (died 821), king of Mercia
• Coe, Sebastian, (born 1956), track and field champion
• Coetzee, Gerrie, (born 1955), world champion boxer
• Coetzee, John Michael, author, winner of the Booker Prize
• Coetzer, Amanda, (RSA)
• Coffey, Brian, Irish poet
• Coffin, Howard, (died 1937), co-founder of the Hudson Motor Company
• Coffman, Virginia, author
• Coggan, Frederick, (1909-2000), Archbishop of Canterbury
• Coggan, Frederick Donald, Archbishop of Canterbury
• Coggi, Juan Martin, world champion boxer
• Cohan, George M (1878-1942) US songwriter, entertainer
• Cohen, Avishai
• Cohen, Eli, Israeli spy and hero
• Cohen, Greg
• Cohen, Jack, British biologist and science fiction adviser
• Cohen, Leonard, (born 1934), poet and singer
• Cohen, Matt, (born 1942), Canadian writer
• Cohen, Paul, mathematician
• Cohen, Sacha Baron, UK comedian "Ali G"
• Cohen, Stan, poet
• Cohen, Stanley, biologist
• Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, (born 1945), political activist
• Cohn, Joe, musician
• Cohn, Roy, (died 1986), politician, anti-Communist
• Coi, Zuanne de Tonini da (Clolla), mathematician
• Coke, Richard, (1874-1876), Texas Governor
• Colangelo, Jerry, sports magnate
• Colbert, Claudette, (1903-1996), French actor
• Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, (born 1765), English orientalist
• Cole, Buddy, (1916-1964), pianist
• Cole, Cozy, musician
• Cole, Gary, (born 1956), actor
• Cole, Holly, jazz singer
• Cole, Jack, (1918-1958), comic creator
• Cole, Jerry, musician
• Coleman, Cy, (born 1929), composer
• Coleman, Dabney, (born 1932), actor
• Coleman, Norm, US politician
• Cole, Natalie, (born 1950), singer
• Cole, Nat King, (1917-1965), US singer, musician
• Coleridge, Sara, (born 1802), (fille), British scholar
• Cole, Thomas, (1801-1948), US painter
• Cole, William Horace, UK prankster
• Coleman, Bessie, (1892-1926), United States pilot
• Coleman, Catherine, (born 1960), astronaut
• Coleman, David, television presenter
• Coleman, Gary, (born 1968), television personality
• Coleman, Helena, Canadian writer
• Coleman, Ornette, (born 1930), jazz musician
• Coleman, Steve, (alto)
• Coleman, Wanda, poet
• Coleridge, Hartley, (1796-1849), poet
• Coleridge, Mary Elizabeth, (1861-1907), poet
• Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, (1772-1834), English poet
• Coles, Cecil, (1888-1918), composer
• Colette, (1873-1954), French writer
• Colfax, Schuyler, (1823-1885), Vice President of the United States
• Coligny, Gaspard de, (born 1572), French Huguenot Leader
• Colijn, Hendrik, prime minister
• Colledge, Cecilia, (born 1920), figure skater
• Collette, Toni, (born 1972), actress
• Coll, John, sculptor
• Collett, Jonas, (1833-1836), Norwegian Prime Minister
• Colles, Abraham, (1773-1843), anatomist and surgeon
• Colley, Scott
• Collier, John, (1850-1934), painter, author
• Collignon, Robert, Minister-President of Wallonia
• Collingwood, Robin, (died 1943), philosopher
• Collins, Albert, musician
• Collins, Billy, (U.S. Poet Laureate)
• Collins, Bootsy, (born 1951), US musician
• Collins, Eileen, astronaut
• Collins, Jackie, (born 1939), US author
• Collins, Joan, (born 1933), US diva
• Collins, Judy, (born 1939), singer
• Collins, Maria Antonieta, news reporter
• Collins, Michael, (1890-1922), Irish patriot and revolutionary
• Collins, Nancy A, (born 1959), US writer
• Collins, Patrick, Saoi of Aosdána
• Collins, Phil, (born 1951), British musician
• Collins, Rudy, (born 1934), drummer for the Dizzy Gillespie quintet
• Collins, Shirley, musician
• Collins, Wilkie, (1824-1889), author (The Moonstone)
• Collins, William (poet), (1721-1759)
• Collister, Christine, musician
• Collodi, Carlo, (1826-1890), The Adventures of Pinocchio
• Collot, Marie-Anne, sculptor
• Collura, John, (born 1976), The Ataris
• Collyer, Bud, (1908-1969), television game show host
• Colman, Ronald, (1891-1958), actor
• Colmenares, Grecia, Venezuelan born Argentinian actress
• Coloma, Luis, (born 1851), Spanish Jesuit writer, theologian
• Colombe, Jean, painter
• Colombo, Joe, (died 1978), US Mafia boss
• Colombo, Realdo, (c. 1516-1559), anatomist and surgeon
• Colon, Carlitos, wrestler
• Colon, Rafael Hernandez, (born 1936), governor of Puerto Rico
• Colquhoun, Robert
• Colquitt, Oscar Branch, (1911-1915), Texas governor
• Colson, Charles, (born 1931), US Watergate scandal conspirator
• Coltrane, James, author
• Coltrane, John, (1926-1967), tenor sax, soprano sax, flute
• Coltrane, Robbie, (born 1950), British actor
• Colt, Samuel, (1814-1862), US inventor and gunsmith
• Coluche, (1944-1986)
• Saint Columba, (521-597), missionary
• Columbanus, (543-615), saint
• Columbia, Al, comic creator
• Columbo, Rus, (born 1908), singer, bandleader, composer
• Columbu, Michele
• Columbus, Chris, (born 1958), film director
• Columbus, Christopher, (1451-1506), Portuguese-born explorer
• Colvin, Shawn, (born 1956), singer
• Comaneci, Nadia, (born 1961), Romanian-born gymnastic
• Combs, Sean, (born 1969), US rap musician
• Comeau, Gerald J, Canadian senator
• Come, Matthew Coon, Grand Chief of the Assembly of First Nations
• Comencini, Luigi, film director
• Comenius, (1592-1670)
• Comenus, John Amos, Orbis Sesualim Pictis Picture Book
• Comfort, Alex, (died 2000), author (The Joy of Sex)
• Comins, Nicholas, (binaural stethoscope)
• Comiskey, Charles, (died 1931), US baseball owner
• Commines, Philippe de, (1447-1511), French politician, author
• Commodus, (161-192), Roman emperor
• Como, Perry, (died 2001), musician
• Companys, Lluis, (died 1940), politician
• Compotista, Garlandus, scholastic philosopher
• Compton-Burnett, Ivy, author of novels about dysfunctional families
• Compton, Richmal, Just William
• Comte, Auguste, (1798 in-1857)
• Comtesse, Robert, (1847-1922), Swiss president
• Conacher, Lionel, Canadian athlete
• Conant, James Bryan, (1893-1978), chemist and politician
• Conant, Oliver, actor
• Condit, Philip, aerospace engineer
• Condon, Eddie, (1905-1973), jazz musician
• Condorcet, Marquis de, (1743-1794), French philosopher, mathematician
• Cone, David, (born 1963), baseball star
• Confrey, Zez, US composer, musician
• Confucius, (ca. 551 BC-479 BC), Chinese philosopher
• Congar, Yves
• Congdon, Bevan, (born 1938), New Zealand cricket player
• Congiu, Raimondo
• Congreve, William, (1670-1729), English poet
• Coninckx, Stijn, film director
• Conington, John, (1825-1869), classical scholar
• Conn, Billy, (1917-1993), world boxing champion
• Connally, John, (1963-1969), governor of Texas
• Connell, Desmond, Cardinal Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland
• Connell, Charles, (1810-1873)
• Connell, Evan S., Jr, poet
• Connell, Richard, (1893-1949), author of The Most Dangerous Game
• Connellan, Leo, (Clear Blue Lobster-Water Country trilogy)
• Connelly, Jennifer, (born 1970), US actor
• Connelly, Karen, Canadian writer
• Connelly, Michael, author
• Conner, Dennis, (born 1942), boat racer
• Conner, Ralph (AKA Charles William Gordon), The Man from Glengarry, Glengarry School Days.
• Conners, Stomping Tom, Canadian Legend
• Connery, Sean, (born 1930), Scottish actor
• Connes, Alain, (born 1947), mathematician
• Connick, Harry, Jr, (born 1967), musician, entertainer
• Connick, Harry, Sr, district attorney, singer
• Conniff, Ray, (1916-2002), band leader, musician
• Connolly, Billy, (born 1942), stand-up comedian
• Connolly, James, (1868-1916), Irish nationalist
• Connolly, Maureen, (1934-1969), tennis player
• Connolly, Peter, illustrator
• Connors, Chuck, (1921-1992), actor
• Connors, Jimmy, (born 1952), US tennis player
• Connors, Mike, (born 1925), actor
• Conon, Pope, (686-687)
• Conquest, Robert, (born 1917), historian, poet
• Conrad I, king 911-918
• Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, (ca. 990-1039), king & emperor
• Conrad III, (1093-1152), king 1138-1152
• Conrad IV of Germany, (1228-1254), German ruler
• Conrad, Joseph, (1857-1924), British-Polish novelist
• Conrad of Montferrat, 1192, leader in the Third Crusade
• Conrad, Paul, political cartoonist
• Conrad, Pete, astronaut
• Conrad, Robert, (born 1935), actor
• Conrad, Tony, American artist
• Conrad, Walter Arensberg, (Dada)
• Conrad, William, (1920-1994), actor
• Conroy, Pat, (born 1945), novelist
• Constable, Henry, (1562-1613), poet
• Constable, John, (1776-1837), British painter
• Constans, (320-350), Roman emperor
• Constans II, Byzantine emperor
• Constant (situationist), (born 1920), painter
• Constant, Benjamin, (1767-1830)
• Constantijn of the Netherlands, Prince, (born 1969)
• Constantine I of Greece, (1920-1922), king
• Constantine II, Roman emperor
• Constantine III, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Constantine II of Greece, (1964-1973), king
• Constantine II of Scotland, (874-952)
• Constantine III, (gov. 407-411), Roman Emperor
• Constantine III, of Byzantium, Byzantine Emperor
• Constantine II, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Constantine I of Scotland, (died 877), King of the Scots and Picts; succeeded by Aedh Whitefoot.
• Constantine I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Constantine IV, Byzantine Emperor
• Constantine IV, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Constantine IX, (died 1055), Byzantine Emperor
• Constantine IX Monomachos, (died 1055), emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire
• Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor
• Constantine VI, Byzantine Emperor
• Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor
• Constantine VIII, (lived 960-1028), Byzantine Emperor
• Constantine VI, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Constantine V, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Constantine X, Byzantine Emperor
• Constantine XI, (1409-1453), Byzantine Emperor
• Constantine the Great, (272-337), Roman Emperor
• Constantine, Pope, (708-715)
• Constantius Chlorus, (circa 250-306), Roman Emperor
• Constantius II, (died 361), Roman Emperor
• Constantius III, Roman Emperor
• Constantius II, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Constantius I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Contarini, Gasparo
• Conteh, John, world champion boxer
• Conti, Bill (born 1943), film musical director
• Conti, Tom, (born 1941), actor
• Contreras, Eleazar López, Venezuelan president
• Conway, Anne, (died 1679)
• Conway, John Horton, (born 1937), mathematician
• Conway, Tim, (born 1933), actor, comedian
• Cooder, Ry, (born 1947), blind in one eye
• Coogan, Jackie, (1914-1984), US actor
• Coogan, Steve, as Alan Partridge and Paul Calf
• Cook, Alastair, (died 1976), journalist, television host
• Cook, Barbara, (born 1927), singer, actress
• Cooke, Alastair, (born 1908), television host
• Cooke, Jack Kent, owner of the Washington Redskins
• Cooke, Jay, (1821-1905), financier
• Cooke, John Esten, author of The Youth of Jefferson
• Cook, Elisha, Jr, (1903-1995), actor
• Cook, Glen, author
• Cook, Hugh, Canadian writer
• Cook, James, (1728-1779), British explorer
• Cook, Joan, Canadian senator
• Cook, Judith, author
• Cookman, Nathaniel George, (1896-1903)
• Cook, Michael, Canadian writer
• Cook, Peter, (1937-1995), comedian
• Cook, Rachael Leigh (born 1979), actress
• Cook, Rick, author
• Cook, Roger, and Roger Greenaway
• Cooke, Alistair, (born 1908), television personality
• Cooke, Sam, (1931-1964), musician
• Cooksey, Mark, composer
• Cookson, Catherine, (1906-1998), author
• Cook, Thomas, (1808-1892), entrepreneur
• Cool, Phil, British comedian
• Cooley, Dennis, Canadian writer
• Cooley, Spade, musician
• Coolidge, Calvin, (1872-1933), US president
• Coolidge, Clark, poet
• Coolidge, Grace, (born 1879), First Lady of the United States
• Coolidge, Rita, (born 1944), singer
• Coolidge, William, X-rays
• Coolio, (born 1963), rapper
• Coolman, Todd
• Cools, Anne C, Canadian senator
• Cool, Tre, (born 1972), musician (Green Day)
• Coombs, D.D, US painter
• Coon, Carleton S, (died 1981), anthropologist
• Cooney, Caroline B, (born 1947), author
• Cooney, Gerry, boxer
• Cooney, Ray, British playwright (comedies and farces)
• Cooper, Alice, (born 1948), US rock and roll singer
• Cooper, Charlotte, (1871-1967), tennis player
• Cooper, D. B
• Cooper, Dave, comic creator
• Cooper, Doug, Canadian writer
• Cooper, Gary, (1901-1961), US cowboy actor
• Cooper, Gladys, (1888-1971), actress
• Cooper, Gordon, astronaut
• Cooper, Henry, boxer
• Cooper, Jackie, (born 1922), actor, director
• Cooper, James Fenimore, (1789-1851), US author
• Cooper, John Sherman, (1901-1991), Senator from Kentucky
• Cooper, Louise, author
• Cooper, Mudbone, (born 1953), singer (P Funk)
• Cooper, Susan, (born 1935), British-born fantasy author
• Cooper, Tommy, (1922-1984), Welsh magician, comedian
• Cope, Julian, musician
• Copeland, John Paul, Canadian writer
• Cope, Wendy, poet
• Copeland, Royal, Canadian athlete
• Copernicus, Nicolaus, (1473-1543), Pole
• Copland, Aaron, (1900-1990), US composer
• Copleston, Frederick C, (1907-1994), philosopher
• Copley, John Singleton, (1737-1815), painter
• Copperfield, David (illusionist), (born 1956), magician
• Coppola, Carmine, (died 1991), composer, conductor
• Coppola, Francis Ford, (born 1939), US filmmaker
• Corbeil, William de, (died 1136), Archbishop of Canterbury
• Corbett, Glenn, (1930-1933), actor
• Corbett, James J, (died 1933), world champion boxer
• Corbett, Ronnie, British comedian
• Corbiere, Tristan, (1845-1875), poet
• Corbin, Barry, (born 1940), actor
• Corbin, Eymard G, Canadian senator
• Corbusier, Le, (1887-1965), architect
• Corcoran, Frank, member of Aosdána
• Corda, Alberto, Cuban photographer
• Corda, Mario
• Corday, Charlotte, (1768-1793), French killer of Jean-Paul Marat
• Cord, Errett, (born 1894), automobile entrepreneur
• Cordoba, Hernandez Gonzalo de, (died 1515), "El Gran Capitan", Spanish General.
• Cordobes, El, (born 1936), bullfighter
• Cordus, Aulus Cremutius, 25 AD
• Cordus, Valerius, (died 1544)
• Cordy, Jane, Canadian senator
• Corea, Chick, (born 1941), musician
• Corelli, Arcangelo, (1653-1713), Baroque composer
• Corelli, Marie, (1855-1924), best-selling novelist
• Corigliano, John, (born 1938), composer
• Corinth, Lovis, (1858-1925), painter and graphic artist
• Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave, (born 1792), French engineer, scientist
• Corley, Demarcus, (born 1974), world champion boxer
• Corley, Eric
• Corman, Roger, US movie producer
• Cormeau, Yvonne, (1909-1998), SOE agent, WW II heroine
• Cormier, Rheal
• Corneille , artist, (born 1922
• Corneille, Pierre, (1606-1684), classicist playwright
• Cornelius, Don, (born 1936), television host
• Cornelius, Pope, (251-253)
• Cornell, Alonzo B, Republican, 1880-1882
• Cornell, Joseph, (1903-1972), painter
• Cornell, Thomas, (born 1937), American painter
• Corner, Alexis, musician
• Cornish, Joe, (born 1968), comedian
• Cornu, Marie Alfred, (1841-1902), French physicist
• Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, (1738-1805)
• Cornwallis, Frederick, Archbishop of Canterbury
• Cornwell, Bernard, author of the Sharpe novels
• Cornwell, Patricia, (born 1956), US pathologist and thriller author
• Corot, Jean-Baptiste Camille, (1796-1879), French painter
• Corr, Andrea, musician
• Correggio, (1489-1534), painter
• Correggio, Antonio da, (1488-1534), (Correggio)
• Corretja, Alex, (Spain), Tennis player
• Corretjer, Millie, singer, Puerto Rico
• Corrie, Rachel, (1979-2003), victim of Israel Defence Forces bulldozer
• Corrolla, Adam, comedian
• Corrothers, James D, poet
• Corso, Gregory, (1930-2001), (Gasoline - Beat poet)
• Cort, Bud, (born 1950), actor
• Corte-Real, Gaspar
• Cortes, Alberto, singer
• Cortés, Hernán, Conquistador
• Cortes, Nestor, comedian
• Cortez, Jayne, poet
• Cortona, Pietro da, (1596-1669), architect, painter
• Coryell, Larry, musician
• Cosby, Bill, (born 1937), US entertainer
• Cosell, Howard, (1918-1995), sports journalist
• Cosgrave, Liam, (1973-1977), Irish politician
• Cosgrave, W.T, (1922-1932), Irish politician
• Cosimo, Pierodi, (1462-1521), painter
• Cosmas I, patriarch of Constantinople
• Cosmas III, patriarch of Constantinople
• Cosmas III, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Cosmas I, of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
• Cosmas II, of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
• Cosmas III, of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
• Cosmas II, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Cosmas I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Cossette-Trudel, Jacques, FLQ Terrorist
• Cossette-Trudel, Louise, FLQ Terrorist
• Cossiga, Francesco, (born 1928), Italian, Sardinian president
• Cossu, Gavino
• Costa, Albert, (Spain)
• Costa, Beatriz, (actress)
• Costa, Enrico
• Costain, Thomas B, (1885-1965), author
• Costas, Bob, (born 1952), US sports commentator, broadcaster, talk show host
• Costello, Billy, world champion boxer
• Costello, Elvis, (born 1954), US singer-songwriter, musician
• Costello, Frank, (1891-1973), US Mafioso
• Costello, John A, (1948-1951), Irish politician
• Costello, Lou, (1906-1959), actor, comedian
• Coster, Laurens Janszoon, printer
• Costner, Kevin, (born 1955), US actor and film director
• Cotes, Roger, (1682-1716), mathematician
• Cotrubas, Ilena, (born 1939), operatic soprano
• Cotten, Joseph, (1905-1994), actor
• Cotti, Flavio, (born 1939), Swiss Federal Councilor
• Cotto, Jose Miguel (born 1977), boxer
• Cotto, Miguel, (born 1980), boxer, brother of Jose Miguel
• Cotton, Charles, American novelist
• Cotton, James, musician
• Cotton, John, Milk for Babes
• Coubertin, Pierre de, (1863-1937), French initiator of the modern Olympic Games
• Couchepin, Pascal, (born 1942), Swiss Federal Councilor
• Coughlan, Eamon, runner
• Coughlin, Charles, (1891-1979), televangelist
• Coughlin, John, (born 1860), Chicago alderman
• Coulber, Dunstan, musician
• Coulibaly, Ouezzin
• Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de, (1736-1806), French physicist
• Coulter, Phil, composer
• Coulthard, David, (born 1971), Formula 1 driver
• Couperin, Francois, (1668-1733), French composer
• Coupland, Douglas, (born 1961), US author of Generation X, Girlfriend in a Coma
• Courbet, Gustave, (1819-1877), French painter
• Couric, Katie, (born 1957), US television host
• Courier, Jim, (USA)
• Court, Alyson, television presenter
• Courteline, Georges, (1858-1929), dramatist
• Court, Margaret, tennis player
• Courtenay, Tom, (born 1937), actor
• Courtenay, William, (c. 1342-1396), Archbishop of Canterbury
• Cousin, Victor, (1792-1867), philosopher
• Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, (died 1997), French marine biologist and explorer
• Cousteau, Simone, first woman scuba diver, wife of Jacques
• Cousy, Bob, (born 1928), professional basketball player
• Coutinho, Gago, (1869-1959), aviator
• Couture, Thomas, (1815-1879), French painter and teacher
• Couzyn, Jeni, poet
• Covay, Don, musician
• Coverdale, David, (born 1951), singer
• Covey, Richard, astronaut
• Cowan, Bill (born approx. 1950) former Marine, hostage rescuer
• Cowen, Joshua Lionel, (born 1880), inventor of the toy electric train
• Cow, Henry, musician
• Cowley, Abraham, (1618-1667), poet
• Cowley, Malcolm, (1898-1989), (Dada)
• Cowper, Steve Camberling, (Dem.) 1986-1990
• Cowper, William, (1731-1800), poet
• Cox, Alan, a developer of the Linux kernel
• Cox, Alex, film director
• Cox, Archibald, (born 1912), U.S. Solicitor General and Watergate special prosecutor
• Cox, Brad, Objective-C
• Cox, Brian, (born 1946), actor
• Cox, Courteney, (born 1964), US actress
• Cox, Ida, musician
• Cox, Pat, President of the European Parliament
• Cox, Richard, bishop
• Cox, Richard Threlkeld, physicist
• Coxeter, H.S.M, (born 1907), mathematician
• Coysevox, Antoine, sculptor

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of people by name: Co."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: CO

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Modern Usage: CO

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Commercial Usage: CO

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Image Slideshow: CO

Photos: CO More pictures...

Illustrations: CO More pictures...

Computer Images: CO More pictures...

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Photo Album: CO

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	A pier at Islamorada Fish Co. restaurant and market. Credit: America's Coastlines.		Commuting to lunch at Islamorada Fish Co. restauarant and market. Credit: America's Coastlines.
	Commercial lobster boat tied up at Aquidneck Lobster Co. Credit: Fisheries.		Humor in names - the F/V LIEN MACHINE tied up at Crosby's Fish & Shrimp Co. Credit: Fisheries.
	Coast and Geodetic Survey Ship GILBERT at the International Paper Co. pier. The GILBERT was named for C&GS Captain John J. Gilbert who served 57 years with the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.		Figure 65. Marconi electrolytic sounder - a Langevin-Touly electric recording sounder marketed by the Marconi Sounding Device Co. Ltd. which sold these instruments in Great Britain. The Langevin-Touly instrument was first marketed in 1935. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
	F-22 Raptor 4002 fires an AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile during a separation test at 40,000 feet Dec. 13. Flown at a 26-degree angle-of-attack at only Mach .4 speed, the test flight demonstrated the Raptor's ability to operate at slow speeds in a co.		Anita DeWulf, Clinton County SWCD Commissioner; Warren Cook, Clinton Co. SWCD Commissioner; Connie Ramirez, NRCS District Conservationist; Audrey DeScheppper, technician; Jerry Mall; and Helen Atkinson, Muscatine County SWCD Secretary, discuss local conse. Credit: Tim McCabe.
	NRCS soil scientist Patrick Cowsert discusses nutrient management with Saunders Co farmer. Credit: Bob Nichols.		Ann Bently, NRCS, Soil Conservation Technician and Mac Flemming, president of the American Classic Tea Co., discuss conservation practices. The American Classic Tea Company is the only tea plantation in the United States. Credit: USDA.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: CO
 

"Galley Head Light, Co Cork Ire" by Pat McArdle Commentary: "Galley Head Lighthouse in west Cork at night. took the shot by exposing for around 2 mins and throwing light fill-in flash at the lighthouse (around 20 flashes at one sixteenth strength). Image works best in portrait format. Feel free to use it but let me"	"Rockies, Denver CO" by Sam Segar Commentary: "Taken from the roadside at about 11 am."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Use in Literature: CO

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Non-Fiction Usage: CO