Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Atmosphere |
AtmosphereNoun1. A particular environment or surrounding influence; "there was an atmosphere of excitement". 2. A unit of pressure: the pressure that will support a column of mercury 760 mm high at sea level and 0 degrees centigrade. 3. The mass of air surrounding the Earth; "there was great heat as the comet entered the atmosphere". 4. The weather or climate at some place; "the atmosphere was thick with fog". 5. The envelope of gases surrounding any celestial body. 6. A distinctive but intangible quality surrounding a person or thing: "an air of mystery"; "the house had a neglected air"; "an atmosphere of defeat pervaded the candidate's headquarters"; "the place had an aura of romance". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "atmosphere" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Aerospace | 1. The envelope of air surrounding the earth; also the body of gases surrounding or comprising any planet or other celestial body. Compare biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere. See atmospheric shell. 2. = standard atmosphere.3. (Abbreviation atm) A unit of pressure equal to 14.7 pounds per square inch. (references) |
Geography | The gaseous envelope which is held to the earth by gravitational attraction and which, in large measure, rotates with it. Source: European Union. (references) |
Math | The envelope of gases surrounding the Earth and bound to it by the Earth's gravitational attraction. Studies of the chemical and radiative properties, dynamic motions, and physical processes of this system constitute the field of meteorology. (references) |
Metallurgy | Gases in contact with the metal bath during melting and holding. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A. The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth, being held thereto by gravity. It consists by volume of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, and minute quantities of helium, krypton, neon, and xenon. The atmosphere is so compressed by its own weight that half is within 5.5 km of the Earth's surface b. A unit of pressure. A normal atmosphere is equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0 degrees C, and with gravity taken as 980.665 cm/s2 . It equals 14.66 psi (101 kPa) c. In a furnace, the mixture of gases resulting from combustion. d. The kind of air prevailing in any place, as within a kiln duringfiring. (references) |
Public Administration | The gaseous enveloppe, of about 60 km in height, that surrounds the earth; By extension the air over a country or territory; Physics:pressure exerted by atmosphere on the earth's surface, taken as a unit of pressure, about 1 kg weight per cm2. Source: European Union. (references) |
Science | The air surrounding the Earth, described as a series of shells or layers of different characteristics. The atmosphere, composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen with traces of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases, acts as a buffer between Earth and the sun. The layers, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and the exosphere, vary around the globe and in response to seasonal changes. Troposphere stems from the Greek word tropos, which means turning or mixing. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending to a height of 8-15 km, depending on latitude. This region, constantly in motion, is the most dense layer of the atmosphere and the region that essentially contains all of Earth's weather. Molecules of nitrogen and oxygen compose the bulk of the troposphere. The tropopause marks the limit of the troposphere and the beginning of the stratosphere. The temperature above the tropopause increases slowly with height up to about 50 km. The stratosphere and stratopause stretch above the troposphere to a height of 50 km. It is a region of intense interactions among radiative, dynamical, and chemical processes, in which horizontal mixing of gaseous components proceeds much more rapidly that vertical mixing. The stratosphere is warmer than the upper troposphere, primarily because of a stratospheric ozone layer that absorbs solar ultraviolet energy. The mesosphere, 50 to 80 km above the Earth, has diminished ozone concentration and radiative cooling becomes relatively more important. The temperature begins to decline again (as it does in the troposphere) with altitude. Temperatures in the upper mesosphere fall to -70 degrees to -140 degrees Celsius, depending upon latitude and season. Millions of meteors burn up daily in the mesosphere as a result of collisions with some of the billions of gas particles contained in that layer. The collisions create enough heat to burn the falling objects long before they reach the ground. The stratosphere and mesosphere are referred to as the middle atmosphere. The mesopause, at an altitude of about 80 km, separates the mesosphere from the thermosphere--the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. The thermosphere, from the Greek thermo for heat, begins about 80 km above the Earth. At these high altitudes, the residual atmospheric gases sort into strata according to molecular mass. Thermospheric temperatures increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation by the small amount of residual oxygen still present. Temperatures can rise to 2,000 degrees C. Radiation causes the scattered air particles in this layer to become charged electrically, enabling radio waves to bounce off and be received beyond the horizon. At the exosphere, beginning at 500 to 1,000 km above the Earth's surface, the atmosphere blends into space. The few particles of gas here can reach 4,500 degrees F (2,500 degrees C) during the day. (references) |
Solar | The zone of air that surrounds a planet. (references) |
Space | The layer of gas surrounding the earth or other planets. The upper atmosphere is the region of the Earth's atmosphere above the troposphere (which extends to about 20 km). Regions of the upper atmosphere are the stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. (references) |
Weather | The mixture of gases surrounding the Earth. The Earth's atmosphere consists of about 79.1% nitrogen (by volume) , 20.9% oxygen, 0.036% carbon dioxide and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere can be divided into a number of layers according to its mixing or chemical characteristics, generally determined by its thermal properties (temperature) . The layer nearest the Earth is the troposphere, which reaches up to an altitude of about 8 km (about 5 miles) in the polar regions and up to 17 km (nearly 11 miles) above the equator. The stratosphere, which reaches to an altitude of about 50 km (31 miles) lies atop the troposphere. The mesosphere which extends up to 80-90 km is atop the stratosphere, and finally, the thermosphere, or ionosphere, gradually diminishes and forms a fuzzy border with outer space. There is relatively little mixing of gases between layers. (references) |
| The envelope of air surrounding the Earth and bound to it by the Earth's gravitational attraction. Studies of the chemical properties, dynamic motions, and physical processes of this system constitute the field of meteorology. (references) | |
| A standard unit of pressure representing the pressure exerted by a 29.92-in. column of mercury at sea level at 45 degrees latitude and equal to 1000 g/cm2. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Atmosphere may refer to several articles in Wikipedia:
- A celestial body's atmosphere, e.g. Earth's atmosphere and stellar atmospheres
- Unit of pressure - atm; See pressure, atmospheric pressure.
- Mood, feeling.
- A gas mixture or artificial atmosphere
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Atmosphere."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
"Atmosphere" is a song by Funkadelic from the album Let's Take It to the Stage from 1975.The song contains an organ solo by Bernie Worrell that jumps from musical theme to musical theme. The lyrics have been purposely made near-inaudible.
The song was written by George Clinton, Garry Shider and Bernie Worrell.
The rhyme-intensive lyrics are essentially nonsensical. The singer claims he will use the word "prick" instead of "dick" (to refer to the penis) and "clit" instead of "pussy" (to refer to the vagina) because they sound so thick and squishy, respectively.
External Link
- lyrics
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Atmosphere (song)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure caused by the weight of air above any area in the Earth's atmosphere. Standard atmospheric pressure (atm) is discussed in the next section.
Air masses are affected by the general atmospheric pressure within the mass, creating areas of high and low pressure.
As elevation increases, fewer air molecules are present. Therefore, atmospheric pressure always decreases with increasing height according to the following relationship (only a first-order approximation):
where P is the pressure in pascals and H the height in metres. This shows that the pressure at an altitude of 31 km is about 1% of that at sea level. [Source: US Department of Defense Military Standard 810E]
- ,
A column of air, 1 square inch in cross section, measured from sea level to the top of the atmosphere would weigh approximately 14.7 lb. A 1 m2 column of air would weigh about 10 tonnes.
Standard atmospheric pressure
Standard atmospheric pressure or "the standard atmosphere" (1 atm) is defined as 101,325 pascals. (see also Standard temperature and pressure)
This can also be stated as:
This "standard pressure" is a purely arbitrary representative value for pressure at sea level, and real atmospheric pressures vary from place to place and moment to moment everywhere in the world.
- 29.92 inches or 760 mm of mercury (760 torr)
- 1013.25 millibars (mb)
- 14.7 psia or 0 psig
- 0,967838490064855 at (metric atmospheric pressure).
In a low atmospheric pressure system the atmospheric pressure of the air mass is lower than that of the surrounding air. Low atmospheric pressure systems are symbolized by an L on a weather map and are associated with areas of storminess and precipitation. Wind movement is cyclonic around a low pressure system and cold fronts and warm fronts are generally connected to them.
In a high atmospheric pressure system the atmospheric pressure of the air mass is higher than that of the surrounding air. High atmospheric pressure systems are symbolized by an H on a weather map and are associated with areas of clear weather.
It is possible to demonstrate atmospheric pressure in a classroom or home environment using the crushing can experiment. See Atmospheric pressure demo
See also : plenum
External Links
- An Exercise in Air Pressure. A lesson plan that deals with understanding atmospheric pressure.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Atmospheric pressure."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass. The gases are attracted by the gravity of the body, and held fast if gravity is sufficient and the atmosphere's temperature is low. Some planets consist mainly of various gases, and thus have very deep atmospheres (see gas giant).
Atmospheric gases are lost to space when the individual molecules' thermal motion exceeds the escape velocity of the body. Since a gas at any particular temperature will have molecules moving at a wide range of velocities, there will almost always be some slow leakage of gas into space. Lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones with the same thermal kinetic energy, and so gases of low molecular weight are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight. It is thought that Venus and Mars may have both lost much of their water when, after being photodissociated into hydrogen and oxygen by solar ultraviolet, the hydrogen escaped. Earth's ozone layer helps to prevent this.
Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are solar wind-induced sputtering, impact erosion, weathering, and sequestration into the regolith and polar caps,
See also: Earth's atmosphere, stellar atmosphere
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Celestial body atmosphere."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Earth's atmosphere consists of nitrogen (78.1%) and oxygen (20.9%), with small amounts of argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (variable, but around 0.035%), water vapor, and other gases. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. 75% of the atmosphere exists within 11 km of the planetary surface.
As the atmosphere has no abrupt cut-off, but rather thins gradually with increasing altitude, there is no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. In the United States, persons who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 kilometers) are designated as astronauts. 400,000 feet (75 miles or 120 kilometers) marks the boundary where atmospheric effects become noticeable during re-entry. The altitude of 100 kilometers or 62 miles is also frequently used as the boundary between atmosphere and space.
Temperature and the Atmospheric Layers
The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude; the relationship between temperature and altitude varies between the different atmospheric layers:
The boundaries between these regions are named the tropopause, stratopause and mesopause.
- troposphere - 0 - 7/17 km, temperature decreasing with height.
- stratosphere - 7/17 - 50 km, temperature increasing with height.
- mesosphere - 50 - 80/85 km, temperature decreasing with height.
- thermosphere - 80/85 - 640+ km, temperature increasing with height.
The average temperature of the atmosphere at the surface of earth is 14 °C.
Pressure
Gravity "pulls" the atmosphere towards the Earth's surface. Atmospheric pressure is a direct result of the weight of the air. This means that air pressure varies with location and time because the amount (and weight) of air above the earth varies with location and time. Atmospheric pressure drops by ~50% for every 5.5 km altitude increase. The average atmospheric pressure, at sea level, is about 101.3 kilopascals (about 14.7 pounds per square inch).
Density and mass
The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kilograms per cubic meter. This density decreases at higher altitudes at approximately the same rate that pressure decreases (but not quite as fast). The total mass of the atmosphere is about 5.1 × 1018 kg, a tiny fraction of the earth's total mass.
Various Atmospheric Regions
Atmospheric regions are also named in other ways:
- ionosphere - the region containing ions: approximately the mesosphere and thermosphere up to 550 km.
- exosphere - above the ionosphere, where the atmosphere thins out into space.
- ozone layer - or ozonosphere, approximately 10 - 50 km, where stratospheric ozone is found.
- magnetosphere - the region where the Earth's magnetic field interacts with the solar wind from the Sun. It extends for tens of thousands of kilometers, with a long tail away from the Sun.
- Van Allen radiation belts - regions where particles from the Sun become concentrated.
The "Evolution" of the Earth's Atmosphere
The history of the Earth's atmosphere is only poorly constrained prior 1 billion years ago, but the following presents a plausible sequence of events. This remains an active area of research.The modern atmosphere is sometimes referred to as its "third atmosphere"; in order to distinguish the current chemical composition from two notably different compositions. The original atmosphere was primarily helium and hydrogen; heat (from the still molten crust, and the sun) dissipated this atmopshere.
About 3.5 billion years ago, the surface had cooled enough to form a crust, still heavily populated with volcanoes releasing steam, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. This led to the "second atmosphere"; which was, primarily, carbon dioxide and water vapor, with some nitrogen but virtually no oxygen. This second atmosphere had ~100 times as much gas as the current atmosphere. It is generally believed that the greenhouse effect, caused by high levels of carbon dioxide, kept the Earth from freezing.
During the next couple billion years, water vapor condensed to form rain and oceans, which started to dissolve carbon dioxide. Approximately 50% of the carbon dioxide would be absorbed into the oceans. Photosynthesizing plants would evolve and convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. Over time, excess carbon became locked in fossil fuels, sedimentary rocks (notably limestone), and animal shells. As oxygen was released, it reacted with ammonia to create nitrogen; in addition, bacteria would also convert ammonia into nitrogen.
As more plants appeared, the levels of oxygen increased significantly (while carbon dioxide levels dropped). At first it combined with various elements (such as iron), but eventually oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere — resulting in mass extinctions and further evolution. With the appearance of an ozone layer (a compound of oxygen atoms) lifeforms were better protected from ultraviolet radiation. This oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere is the "third atmosphere".
Global Warming
In the past hundred years, the average temperature of the troposphere has increased by about one degree Celsius. While there have historically been comparable variations in the global temperature, this increase is notable for how quickly it has occurred. It is generally agreed that this temperature change is most likely a result of an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is in turn the result of widespread burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas; this means that it traps heat in the atmosphere instead of allowing it to escape into space in the form of infrared radiation. Significant warming of the atmosphere is a concern because it could contribute to extreme weather and rising sea levels from melting polar ice caps.The IPCC concluded, in their Climate Change 2001 Report, that "most of the observed warming, over the last 50 years, is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations".
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Earth's atmosphere."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
ATMOSPHERE | English | Advanced Techniques and Models of System Production in a Heterogeneous,Extensible and Rigorous Environment | Computing, European Union |
| at | English | Absolute atmosphere | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: AtmosphereSynonyms: air (n), ambiance (n), ambience (n), atm (n), atmospheric state (n), aura (n), standard atmosphere (n), standard pressure (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Air | Noun: air. (gas); common air, atmospheric air; atmosphere; aerosphere. |
Circumjacence | Noun: circumjacence, circumambience; environment, encompassment; atmosphere, medium, surroundings. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Atmosphere |
| Specialty definitions using "atmosphere": ARDC model atmosphere ♦ convective atmosphere ♦ dry-adiabatic atmosphere ♦ effective atmosphere, exponential atmosphere, extinctive atmosphere ♦ free atmosphere ♦ homogeneous atmosphere ♦ ICAO Standard Atmosphere, irrespirable atmosphere ♦ model atmosphere, Modified Atmosphere ♦ NACA Standard Atmosphere, neutral atmosphere ♦ opaqueness of the atmosphere, optically effective atmosphere, oxygen-deficient atmosphere, oxygen-enriched atmosphere ♦ potentially explosive atmosphere ♦ Rayleigh atmosphere, reducing atmosphere ♦ scrubbed controlled atmosphere, sensible atmosphere, Solar Atmosphere ♦ thickness of atmosphere ♦ upper atmosphere. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "atmosphere": Chaomancy. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | They caught me siphoning ozone from their atmosphere to sell on the black market (Men in Black II; writing credit: Lowell Cunningham; Robert Gordon) Hey look, mister, we serve hard drinks in here for men who want to get drunk fast and we don't need any characters around to give the joint atmosphere. Is that clear or do I have to slip you my left for a convincer (It's a Wonderful Life; writing credit: Philip Van Doren Stern; Frances Goodrich) A trillion tons of rock and dust were thrown into the atmosphere, creating a cloud the sun was powerless to penetrate for a thousand years (Armageddon; writing credit: Robert Roy Pool; Jonathan Hensleigh) They say the atmosphere there was so full of goodness that evil just shriveled up and died (Doctor Who; writing credit: Basil Caplan; Martin Defalco) Yes, well, it has adapted remarkably well to our atmosphere considering its nutritional requirements (Alien; writing credit: Dan O'Bannon; Ronald Shusett) | |
Lyrics | Down here in the atmosphere, (Somewhere Out There; performing artist: Our Lady Peace) I'm movin' in this here atmosphere, well, anything's allowed (Gloria; performing artist: Patti Smith) I'm gonna move you outta this atmosphere. ("Rapper's Delight"; performing artist: Sugarhill Gang) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Artistic Atmosphere (1916) Atmosphere (1979) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | An Ancient Storm in the Jovian Atmosphere. Credit: NASA. |  | The Hubble telescope has peered deep into Uranus's atmosphere to see clear and hazy layers ... Credit: NASA. |
 | Probing Jupiter's atmosphere for the first time, the Hubble telescope's infrared camera is ... Credit: NASA. |  | Artist's concept of a Pioneer Venus probe entering Venus' atmosphere. Credit: NASA. |
 | Close up view of some high clouds in Neptune's atmosphere. Credit: NASA. |  | Fishing heritage used to add atmosphere to a development. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | The sign at the Mauna Loa Observatory - Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change. The Mauna Loa Observatory is at 3400 meters elevation, over 2 statute miles high. Here, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been measured for many years. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |  | Using the Dobson ozone spetrophotometer to measure the ozone content of the atmosphere by observing 2 ultraviolet wavelengths. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | A fish species sampler display adds to the atmosphere of Islamorada. Credit: Fisheries. |  | HYDROLAB was the only habitat to operate at one atmosphere. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP). |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Atmosphere 4" by Jillian Balfour Commentary: "I think i understand why the Native Americans worshipped the sky." | "Foot 1" by Wagner Soares Commentary: "An experimental shot in an afternnon light at home. The red background gave a good contrast and a dramatic atmosphere." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Henry David Thoreau | Behave so the aroma of your actions may enhance the general sweetness of the atmosphere. |
Ralph Waldo Emerson | Sympathy is a supporting atmosphere, and in it we unfold easily and well. |
Walter Bagehot | A schoolmaster should have an atmosphere of awe, and walk wonderingly, as if he was amazed at being himself. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | Petty-Bourgeois Socialism The feudal aristocracy was not the only class that has ruined by the bourgeoisie, not the only class whose conditions of existence pined and perished in the atmosphere of modern bourgeois society. (reference) |
Miranda v. Arizona | 1966 | The atmosphere and environment of incommunicado interrogation as it exists today is inherently intimidating, and works to undermine the privilege against self-incrimination. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | Darkness in the atmosphere, darkness in the deeds, darkness in the voices |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | The philanthropist too often surrounds mankind with the remembrance of his own castoff griefs as an atmosphere, and calls it sympathy |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | When a lung disease causes respiratory failure, gas exchange is reduced because of changes in ventilation (the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere), perfusion (blood flow), or both. Activity of the respiratory muscles is normal. (references) | |
Business | The key seems to be to provide quality food in a pleasant, unusual atmosphere and at a reasonable price. (references) | |
Pending regulatory policies, the Saudi market is still underdeveloped and detrimental to a more conducive business atmosphere. (references) | ||
This, in turn, reduces impact on the environment caused by emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere, both at the building and at the electricity generating station. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Iran | Semiofficial vigilante groups appeared outside the Parliament, creating an atmosphere of intimidation. (references) |
Yemen | An atmosphere of government pressure on independent and political party journals continues at a higher level than before the civil war. (references) | |
Peru | While the Government took no action in this case, it demonstrates an atmosphere where pro-Fujimori views were unwelcome, although not censored. (references) | |
Economic History | Qatar | Qatar achieved full independence in an atmosphere of cooperation with the U.K. and friendship with neighboring states. (references) |
France | The current popularity of theme restaurants demonstrates consumer preference for a pleasant, slightly unusual, restaurant atmosphere. (references) | |
Zambia | Despite a broad atmosphere of democracy in Zambia, there have been occasions where civil society has been interfered with by authorities. (references) | |
Human Rights | Russia | The PCPR reports that such facilities have a poor psychological atmosphere and lack educational and vocational training opportunities. (references) |
Solomon Islands | The Government has done little to investigate or prosecute those responsible for killings and other abuses, contributing to an atmosphere of impunity. (references) | |
Solomon Islands | Although violence diminished somewhat during the year, the Sogavare Government did little to investigate or prosecute those responsible for previous killings and other abuses, contributing to an atmosphere of impunity. (references) | |
Minorities | Iran | Recent anti-American and anti-Israeli demonstrations have included the denunciation of "Jews," as opposed to the past practice of denouncing only "Israel" and "Zionism," adding to the threatening atmosphere for the community. (references) |
Political Economy | Bahrain | The political atmosphere has changed since Amir Hamad ascended the throne. (references) |
Venezuela | Although concern over labor rights remained, the atmosphere for independent labor unions improved significantly. (references) | |
Political Rights | Croatia | However, shortcomings remain." Observers reported participation by a broad spectrum of parties, the generally balanced media coverage, and the calm atmosphere on election day. (references) |
Liberia | The Constitution provides for the right to vote in free and fair elections, and citizens exercised this right in 1997 in elections that international observers deemed administratively free and transparent; however, the elections were conducted in an atmosphere of intimidation, as most voters believed that military forces loyal to Charles Taylor would have resumed the civil war if Taylor lost the election. (references) | |
Travel | Ghana | Very clean and bright atmosphere. (references) |
Women | Pakistan | Human rights monitors and women's groups believe that a narrow interpretation of Shari'a has had a harmful effect on the rights of women and minorities, as it reinforces popular attitudes and perceptions and contributes to an atmosphere in which discriminatory treatment of women and non-Muslims is accepted more readily. (references) |
Worker Rights | China | The atmosphere at Tsurphu reportedly remains tense, with a permanent police presence and intensified restrictions on monks that appear to be aimed at discouraging them from following their spiritual teacher into exile. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Bob Knight | Well, I would like nothing better than for you to do that. And I think you would really enjoy the atmosphere, the university, and the people that you would meet at Texas Tech. |
Dennis Miller | For every misguided soul raised in a permissive hippie atmosphere who turns into a John Walker Lindh, there are a thousand more who become the gentle stoner cashiers trying to push the new Phil Lesh solo album on you at Tower Records. |
Marla Hanson | Terrifying. Yeah, it was the controlled atmosphere of the courtroom, but, you know, I had to listen to that kind of stuff. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | This new atmosphere demands a new spirit, a partnership between those of us who lead and those who elect. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | The Federal Government can help create a new atmosphere of freedom. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | I don't want to destroy the good atmosphere in the room or in the country tonight, but I have to mention one issue that divided this body greatly last year. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | Children respond to an atmosphere of high standards. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Atmosphere" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Atmosphere" is used about 4,819 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 4,819 | 2,031 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "atmosphere": an atmosphere of peace ♦ an intellectual atmosphere ♦ Electric atmosphere ♦ fifteen atmosphere percentage ♦ furnace atmosphere ♦ gaseous atmosphere ♦ gay atmosphere ♦ homelike atmosphere ♦ homely atmosphere ♦ opaqueness of the atmosphere ♦ potentially explosive atmosphere ♦ scrubbed controlled atmosphere ♦ standard atmosphere ♦ thickness of atmosphere ♦ upper atmosphere. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "atmosphere": atmosphere-burn, atmosphere-hydrosphere, atmosphere-ocean. | |
Ending with "atmosphere": ocean-atmosphere. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "atmosphere"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | atmosfeer. (various references) | |
Albanian | atmosferë (air, aura, climate, environment, Flavor, flavour, vibes). (various references) | |
Arabic | جَوّ (air space, sky), الهواء, الغلاف جوي, الجوي, الجو (weather), الشعور عام. (various references) | |
Basque | egurats. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | въздух (air, breath, wind), обкръжаваща среда, единица налягане, атмосфера (ambience, aura, climate, tone). (various references) | |
Chinese | 風氣 (common practice, general mood), 空氣 (air), 氣象 (meteorology), 氣氛 (mood), 氣候 (climate, situation), 大氣層 , 大氣 , 大气 (Atmospheric, Atmospherical, atmospherics, meteoric). (various references) | |
Czech | atmosféra (ambience, feel), ovzduší (air, environment, feel, ozone). (various references) | |
Danish | atmosfaere, atmosfære, ovnatmosfære (furnace atmosphere). (various references) | |
Dutch | dampkring, atmosfeer (furnace atmosphere), sfeer (ball, ethos, mood, sphere), lucht (air, heaven, odor, odour, scent, sky, smell). (various references) | |
Esperanto | atmosfero, etoso (ethos, mood). (various references) | |
Faeroese | lag (ethos, layer, method, mood, rhythm), hýrur (ethos, humour, mood, temper). (various references) | |
Farsi | فضای اطراف هرجسمی , پناد, کره ء هوا, واحدفشارهوا, جو (Barley, Grain). (various references) | |
Finnish | ilmapiiri (ethos, mood), ilmakehä. (various references) | |
French | atmosphère (furnace atmosphere), ambiance. (various references) | |
Frisian | atmosfear. (various references) | |
German | atmosphäre (ambience, feel, tone). (various references) | |
Greek | ατμόσφαιρα (air, ambiance, tone). (various references) | |
Hawaiian | atmosferë. (various references) | |
Hebrew | אוירה (ambience), אווירה, אטמוספרה. (various references) | |
Hungarian | légkör (ambience, environment, flavor, flavour, sky), atmoszféra (sky). (various references) | |
Icelandic | loft (air). (various references) | |
Indonesian | awang-awang (dizzi, far off, up in the air), atmosfer, suasana (blaze). (various references) | |
Italian | atmosfera (air, ambience, ethos, feel, mood). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 雰囲気 (ambience, mood). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | たいき (alert, await an opportunity, great talent, large container, standby, wait for orders), くうき (air), きけん (abstain from voting, danger, distinguished person, hazard, peril, renunciation of a right), ふくみ (hidden meaning, implication, inclusion, latitude, sentiment, tone), ふんいき (ambience, mood), アトモスフィア , じょうちょう (a senior, an elder, mood, one's superior, redundancy, sentiment, tedious, verbose). (various references) | |
Korean | 대기권. (various references) | |
Manx | ennaghtyn (experience, feel, feeling, gratitude, noble sentiments, perceive, realization, sensation, sense, sensibility, sympathy), cummey (adaptation, appearance, composition, design, devise, fabricate, feature, format, indite, invention, itinerary, mould, outline, plan, prospectus, shape, version), aeraght (airiness). (various references) | |
Occitan | atmosfèra. (various references) | |
Papiamen | atmosfer. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | atmosphereay.(various references) | |
Polish | nastrój (ethos, mood). (various references) | |
Portuguese | atmosfera (air, climate, medium, sky). (various references) | |
Romanian | atmosferã (air, environment), ambianţã (environment, medium, surroundings), aer (air, appearance, aroma, aspect, breath, carriage, resemblance), climat (climate), cer (air, clime, firmament, heaven, high, paradise, skies, sky). (various references) | |
Russian | атмосфера (ambience, atm atmosphere, atmospheres, atomosphere, aura, climate). (various references) | |
Scottish | athar (air, evil effect, See <A HREF="mf00.html#athair">athair</A>, sky, sky; also adhar). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | atmosfera, štimung (mood). (various references) | |
Spanish | atmósfera (chromosphere). (various references) | |
Swedish | atmosfär (ambience, aura, savor, savour), stämning (citation, mood, pitch, plaint, sense, sentiment, subpoena, summons, temper, tone, writ). (various references) | |
Thai | ชั้นบรรยากาศ, อากาศ, ภูมิอากาศ. (various references) | |
Turkish | hava (aerial, aero-, air, airs, ambiance, ambience, aroma, atmospheric, aura, climate, Flavor, flavour, mood, ostentation, shades, showing off, side, sky, splash, splurge, strain, swank, vanity, weather, wind), atmosfer (aura, aureola, aureole). (various references) | |
Turkmen | atmosfera (r). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | обстановка (air, ambience, appointments, background, circumstance, furnishings, milieu, scenery), атмосфера (air, climate), повітря (air). (various references) | |
Welsh | awyrgylch (air). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | atmos. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | aer, aera, aere, aerem, aeris. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | ýaonem, vaya. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "atmosphere": atmosphered, atmospher | |
