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Louis

Specialty Definition: Louis

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Specialty Definition: Joe Louis

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Joseph Louis Barrow (May , 1914 - April 12, 1981), better known in the boxing world as Joe Louis and nicknamed The Brown Bomber, was a native of Lexington, Alabama who became World Heavyweight Champion.

The son of a cotton picker and a homemaker, Louis became interested in boxing after the Barrows moved to Detroit in 1924. He went on to win Michigan's Golden Gloves title, after which he turned professional in 1934. Louis made his debut on July 4 of that year, knocking out Jack Kracken in the first round at Chicago that night. He won 12 fights that year, all in Chicago, 10 by knockout. Among his opponents in '34 was Art Sykes, a good contender of that era.

In 1935, he boxed 13 more times, and started touring the United States and Canada. He won each of his fights, and he began to face better opposition, beating former world Heavyweight champions Primo Carnera and Max Baer, and former Carnera world title challenger Paulino Uzcudun. His last four bouts that year were exhibitions in Canada, as one fight versus Isodoro Castagana, supposed to take place December 29 at Havana, Cuba, was suspended.

He began 1936 knocking out Charlie Retzlilaff in the first round. Louis' ascent up to this point of his career has been compared by many boxing critics to that of a young Mike Tyson. In his next fight, however, he was matched with former world Heavyweight champion Max Schmeling, who was thought to be fading when he upset Louis by a knockout in 12 at New York. The fight took place during the beginning of World War II, and Louis was affected by his defeat to the German, and he immediately started asking for a rematch.

That year Louis had four more bouts, winning all of them, and three exhibitions. Among the boxerss he defeated were former Heavyweight champ Jack Sharkey and Eddie Simms, who turned to the referee and asked the referee to take a walk on the roof with him after Louis hit him with a punch, the referee stopping the fight right away.

1937 came by, and after a ten round decision win over Bob Pastor, Louis was matched with world champion James J. Braddock in Chicago for the World Heavyweight title. Louis was dropped in round one, but he got up and became the world champion by knocking Braddock out in round eight. He said after the fight, however, that he would not feel like a world champion until he beat one man: Schmeling. Louis retained the title three times, outpointing the capable Welchman Tommy Farr and knocking out Nathan Mann in three and Harry Thomas in five. The rematch with Schmeling finally took place, on June 22, 1938. The War was going on full speed overseas, and many fans around the world saw this fight as a war symbol: Louis representing the American interests and Schmeling, who was wrongly seen as a Nazi, fighting for Germany. Louis retained his title by a knockout in the first round, avenging his only loss up until that time and achieving something not too many African-Americans of the era imagined anyone could do: Becoming a national hero both for the white and the black population. Louis was black, so when he won the title, he had become an example to his fellow black Americans. But by beating a German boxer in the middle of the war versus Germany, Louis won over whites too, something very hard to do during the 1930s and 1940s in the United States.

In between serving in the United States Army during the Second World War, Louis kept on defending his title, totalling 25 defenses from '37 to 1949. He was a world champion for 11 years and 10 months, after which he left his crown vacant. He set records for any division in number of defenses and longetivity as world champion non stop, and both records still stand. Apart from Schmeling, Farr, Mann and Thomas, other notable title defenses during that period were:

• his fight versus world Light Heavyweight champion John Henry Lewis, knocked out in the first
• his fight with Two Ton Tony Galento, who upset the boxing world by knocking Louis down in round one, but Louis got up and knocked Galento out in the fourth
• his two fights with Chilean Arturo Godoy, who almost did something no other boxer from Chile has ever done and no hispanic had done before: Become world Heavyweight champion in their first bout, which Louis won by a close decision, and when Louis won the rematch by a knockout in the eight round, a riot broke loose at theMadison Square Garden
• his two fights with world Light Heavyweight champion Billy Conn, who was leading Louis on all scorecards when he tried to knock him out in round thirteen and instead it was Louis who ended up knocking him out in that round, and in the rematch, Louis won by a knockout in the eight round.
• his two fights versus future world Heavyweight champion Jersey Joe Walcott, who would drop Louis in round four of their first bout and lose a close decision, then get knocked out by Louis in the rematch in 11 rounds.

Louis joined the Army from 1942 to 1945 and spent that whole period travelling around Europe visiting with the fighting troops and boxing in exhibitions. During this time, he became a national spokesman for the Army, inviting young men to join in and help their country in the war. He even acted in a couple of movies, produced by the Army to entice men to go to the war. After he came back to keep defending his title in 1946, Louis looked somewhat slower in his fights, and his best years seemed to have gone. He still managed to fend off every challenger until he retired for the first time, after the second Walcott bout. On March 1, 1949 Louis announced his retirement from boxing.

In 1950, he announced a comeback and was promptly given a chance to recover his title, but he lost a 15 round unanimous decision to world champion Ezzard Charles, who had won the title after Louis left it vacant. He kept boxing, and in his next fight be beat fringe contender Cesar Brion by a decision in 10. Seven more wins followed, including a rematch with Brion and a decision over fellow hall of famer Jimmy Bivins. In 1951, however, he would box what would be his final fight: In front of a national television audience, Louis lost by a knockout in eight rounds to the future world Heavyweight Champion, Rocky Marciano. Louis did not embarrass himself that night, but it was obvious his best years had gone by. He retired with a record of 62 wins and 3 losses, with 49 wins by a knockout.

Louis faced a drug problem, a fact not too many people knew about but which was made public by a boxing book published by Ring Magazine, just as in Sugar Ray Robinson's case. But later on in life, he was able to kick his drug habit.

A few years after his retirement, a movie about his life, The Joe Louis Story, was filmed in Hollywood.Louis remained a popular celebrity until his twilight years, when he began suffering various illnesses and ran out of money. In his later years, he got a job welcoming tourists to the Caesar's Palace hotel in Las Vegas, where many world boxing champions and legends from other walks of life, including old rival Schmeling, would visit him. He and Schmeling became very good friends over the years.

Joe Louis died in 1981, and Schmeling was one of the pallbearers. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. Louis' life prompted a writer to say once that: Joe Louis is a hero to his race, the human race.

He has a sports complex named after him in Detroit, the Joe Louis Arena, where the Detroit Red Wings play their NHL games.

Louis is a member of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Joe Louis."

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Louis

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A Louis is a type of gold coin issued in France and named after the French king. See Louis (coin) for more detail.

A number of famous people in history were named Louis:

• Duke Louis VI the Roman of Bavaria
• King Louis I of Bavaria
• King Louis II of Bavaria
• Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie
• Prince Louis II de Condé
• King Louis the Pious of France
• King Louis the Stammerer of France
• King Louis III of France
• King Louis IV of France
• King Louis V of France
• King Louis VI of France
• King Louis VII of France
• King Louis VIII of France
• King Louis IX of France
• King Louis X of France
• King Louis XI of France
• King Louis XII of France
• King Louis XIII of France
• King Louis XIV of France
• King Louis XV of France
• King Louis XVI of France
• King Louis XVIII of France
• King Louis the German of Germany
• King Louis the Child of Germany
• King Louis I of Hungary
• King Louis II of Hungary
• Prince Louis II of Monaco
• King Louis of Portugal
• Prince Louis de Rohan
• Emperor Louis II of the Romans
• Emperor Louis IV of the Romans
• Duke Louis of Savoy
• King Louis of Spain
• Louis Armstrong

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis."

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Louis Bonaparte

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, born September 2, 1779, in Ajaccio, Corsica, was one of three younger brothers of the Emperor Napoleon I of France, who made him King of Holland in 1806 and deposed him as King in 1810.

Louis was married in 1802 to Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of Napoleon's first wife Josephine and, thus, Louis's niece by marriage.

During the reign of Napoleon I, Louis had been made the Count of Saint-Leu. He died on July 25, 1844, and is buried at Saint-Leu-La-Foret, Ile-de-France.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte & Hortense de Beauharnais had three sons:

1. Napoleon Charles Bonaparte, born December 10, 1802, Prince Royal of Holland. When he died at 4½ years of age, his body lay in state at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He died on May 5, 1807, and is buried at Saint-Leu-La-Foret, Ile-de-France.
2. Napoleon Louis Bonaparte, born October 11, 1804. He did not live long enough to inherit the title, so his brother, Louis Bonaparte, became the Emperor Napoleon III of France in 1851. He died on March 17, 1831, and is buried at Saint-Leu-La-Foret, Ile-de-France.
3. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, (1808-1873). Born in Paris, he was the third and last son, and would become Emperor Napoleon III of France (1852-1870).

   Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis Bonaparte."

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Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (January 16, 1675 - March 2, 1755), French soldier, diplomatist and writer of memoirs, was born at Versailles. The peerage granted to his father, Claude de St Simon, is the central fact in his history.

The French peerage under the old régime was a very peculiar thing, difficult to comprehend at all, but quite certain to be miscomprehended if any analogy of the English peerage is imported into the consideration. No two things could be more different in France than ennobling a man and making him a peer. No one was made a peer who was not ennobled, but men of the noblest blood in. France and representing their houses might not be, and in most cases were not, peers. Derived at least traditionally and imaginatively from the douze pairs of Charlemagne, the peers were supposed to represent the chosen of the noblesse, and gradtially, in an indefinite and constantly disputed fashion, became associated with the parlement of Paris as a quasi-legislative (or at least law-registering) and directly judicial body. But the peerage was further complicated by the fact that not persons but the holders of certain fiefs were made peers. Strictly speaking, neither Saint-Simon nor any one else in the same case was made a peer, but his estate was raised to the rank of a duchê paine or a comté paine as the case might be. Still the peers were in a way a standing committee representative of the entire body of nobles, and it was Saint-Simon's lifelong ideal, and at times his practical effort to convert them into a sort of great council of the nation.

His mother, Charlotte de l'Aubespine, belonged to a family not of the oldest nobility but one which had been distinguished in the public service at least since the time of Francis I. Her son Louis was well educated, to a great extent by herself, and he had vhad for godfather and godmother Louis XIV and the queen. After some tuition by the Jesuits (especially by Sanadon, the editor of Horace), he joined the mousquetaires gris in 1692. He was present at the siege of Namur, and the battle of Neerwinden. But it was at this very time that he chose to begin the crusade of his life by instigating, if not bringing, an action on the part of the peers of France against Luxembourg, his victorious general, on a point of precedence.

He fought, however, another campaign or two (not under Luxembourg), and in 1695 married Gabrielle de Durfort, daughter of the maréchal de Lorges, under whom he latterly served. He seems to have regarded her with a respect and affection not very usual between husband and wife at the time; and she sometimes succeeded in modifying his aristocratic ideas. But as he did not receive the promotion he desired he flung up his commission in 1702. Louis took a dislike to him, and it was with difficulty that he was able to keep a footing at court. He was, however, intensely interested in all the transactions of Versailles, and by dint of a most heterogeneous collection of instruments, ranging from dukes to servants, he managed to obtain the extraordinary secret information which he has handed down. His own part appears to have been entirely subordinate. He was appointed ambassador to Rome in 1705, but the appointment was cancelled before he started. At last he attached himself to the duke of Orleans and, though this was hardly likely to conciliate Louis's goodwill to him, it gave him at least the status of belonging to a definite party, and it eventually placed him in the position of tried friend to the acting chief of the state. He was able, moreover, to combine attachment to the duke of Burgundy with that to the duke of Orleans. Both attachments were no doubt all the more sincere because of his undying hatred to "the bastards," that is to say, the illegitimate sons of Louis XIV. It does not appear that this hatred was founded on moral reasons or on any real fear that these bastards would be intruded into the succession. The true cause of his wrath was that they had precedence of the peers.

The death of Louis seemed to give Saint-Simon a chance of realizing his hopes. The duke of Orleans was at once acknowledged regent, and Saint-Simon was of the council of regency. But no steps were taken to carry out his favourite vision of a France ruled by the nobles for its good, and he had little real influence with the regent. He was indeed gratified by the degradation of "the bastards," and in 1721 he was appointed ambassador to Spain to arrange for the marriage (not destined to take place) of Louis XV and the infanta. His visit was splendid; he received the grandeeship, and, though he also caught the smallpox, he was quite satisfied with the business. After his return he had little to do with public affairs. His own account of the cessation of his intimacy with Orléans and Dubois, the latter of whom had never been his friend, is, like his own account of some other events of his life, obscure and rather suspicious. But there can be little doubt that he was practically ousted by the favourite. He survived for more than thirty years; but little is known of his life. His wife died in 1743, his eldest son a little later; he had other family troubles, and he was loaded with debt. When he died, at Paris on the 2nd of March 1755, he had almost entirely outlived his own generation (among whom he had been one of the youngest) and the prosperity of his house, though not its notoriety. This last was in strange fashion revived by a distant relative born five years after his own death, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon.

It will have been observed that the actual events of Saint-Simon's life, long as it was and high as was his position, are neither numerous nor noteworthy. He is, however, an almost unique example of a man who has acquired great literary fame entirely by posthumous publications. He was an indefatigable writer, and he began very early to set down in black and white all the gossip he collected, all his interminable legal disputes of precedence, and a vast mass of unclassified and almost unclassifiable matter. Most of his manuscripts came into the possession of the government, and it was long before their contents were published in anything like fulness. Partly in the form of notes on Dangeau's Journal, partly in that of original and independent memoirs, partly in scattered and multifarious tracts and disquisitions, he had committed to paper an immense amount of matter. But the mere mass of these productions is their least noteworthy feature, or rather it is most remarkable as contrasting with their character and style.

Saint-Simon, though careless and sometimes even ungrammatical, ranks among the most striking memoir-writers of France, the country richest in memoirs of any in the world. His pettiness, his absolute injustice to his private enemies and to those who espoused public parties with which he did not agree, the bitterness which allows him to give favourable portraits of hardly any one, his omnivorous appetite for gossip, his lack of proportion and perspective, are all lost sight of in admiration of his extraordinary genius for historical narrative and characterdrawing of a certain sort. He has been compared to Tacitus, and for once the comparison is just. In the midst of his enormous mass of writing phrases scarcely inferior to the Roman's occur frequently, and here and there are passages of sustained description equal, for intense concentration of light and life, to those of Tacitus or of any other historian. As may be expected from the vast extent of his work, it is in the highest degree unequal. But he is at the same time not a writer who can be "sampled" easily, inasmuchas his most characteristic phrases sometimes occur in the midst of long stretches of quite uninteresting matter.

A few critical studies of him, especially those of Sainte-Beuve, are the basis of much, if not most, that has been written about him. Yet no one is so little to be taken at second-hand. Even his most famous passages, such as the account of the death of the dauphin or of the Bed of Justice where his enemy, the duke of Maine was degraded, will not give a fair idea of his talent. These are his gallery pieces, his great "machines," as French art slang calls them. Much more noteworthy as well as more frequent are the sudden touches which he gives. The bishops are "cuistres violets"; M. de Caumartin "porte sous son manteau toute la faculté que M. de Villeroy étale sur son baudrier"; another politician has a "mine de chat faché." In short, the interest of the Memoirs, independent of the large addition of positive knowledge which they make, is one of constant surprise at the novel and adroit use of word and phrase.

Reference

• This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon."

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Louis I of Hungary

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis I, also known as 'the Great' became king of Hungary in 1342. He was the son of Charles I, king of Hungary, and was related to both the Angevin and Capetian royal families. Become a king of Poland in 1370. He died in 1382.

Louis' mother was Elizabeth, the daughter of Wladyslaw Lokietek, the sister of Casimir III the Great, king of Poland.

When the Polish Piast rulers died out in 1370, Louis became king of Poland.

Louis had two daughters:

• Hedwig (Queen Jadwiga of Poland)
• Mary, Queen of Hungary, wife of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, then Margrave of Brandenburg.

Preceded by: Charles I of Hungary

List of Hungarian rulers

Succeeded by: Mary of Hungary

Preceded by: Casimir III of Poland

List of Polish rulers

Succeeded by: Jadwiga of Poland

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis I of Hungary."

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Louis II of Hungary

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis II of Bohemia (Ludwig II) was born in 1506 as the son of Ladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia Jagiello, who died in 1516. The minor Louis II accended to the throne of Hungary and Bohemia upon his father's death. Louis had been adopted by emperor Maximilian I in 1515. When Maximilian I died in 1519, Louis was raised by his legal guardian Georg Hohenzollern, margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.

In 1522 Louis II became married to Mary of Habsburg, granddaughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, as stipulated by an imperial congress at Vienna in 1515. His sister Anne was married to Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Louis was killed at the battle of Mohacs in 1526.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis II of Hungary."

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Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis II, (825 — 875), Holy Roman Emperor (sole ruler 855 - 875), eldest son of the emperor Lothair I, became the designated king of Italy in 839, and taking up his residence in that country was crowned king at Rome by Pope Sergius II on June 15, 844.

He at once preferred a claim to the rights of an emperor in the city, which claim was decisively rejected; but in 850 he was crowned joint emperor at Rome by Pope Leo IV, and soon afterwards married his cousin, Engelberga, a daughter of King Louis the German, and undertook the independent government of Italy. He took the field against the Saracens; quashed some accusations against Pope Leo; held a diet at Pavia; and on the death of his father in September 855 became sole emperor.

The division of Lothair's dominions, by which he obtained no territory outside Italy, aroused his discontent, and in 857 he allied himself with Louis the German against his own brother Lothair, King of Lotharingia, and King Charles the Bald. But after Louis had secured the election of Pope Nicholas I in 858, he became reconciled with his brother, and received some lands south of the Jura mountains in return for assistance given to Lothair in his efforts to obtain a divorce from his wife, Teutberga.

In 863, on the death of his brother Charles, Louis received the kingdom of Provence, and in 864 came into collision with Pope Nicholas I over his brother's divorce. The archbishops, who had been deposed by Nicholas for proclaiming this marriage invalid, obtained the support of the emperor, who reached Rome with an army in February 864; but, having been seized with fever, he made peace with the pope and left the city.

In his efforts to restore order in Italy, Louis met with considerable success both against the turbulent princes of the peninsula and against the Saracens who were ravaging southern Italy. In 866 he routed these invaders, but could not follow up his successes owing to the lack of a fleet. So in 869 he made an alliance with the eastern emperor, Basil I, who sent him some ships to assist in the capture of Ban, the headquarters of the Saracens, which succumbed in 871.

Meanwhile his brother Lothair had died in 869, and owing to his detention in southern Italy, Louis failed to prevent the partition of Lotharingia between Louis the German and Charles the Bald. Some jealousy between Louis and Basil followed the victory at Ban, and in reply to an insult from the eastern emperor Louis attempted to justify his right to the title "emperor of the Romans." He had withdrawn into Benevento to prepare for a further campaign when he was treacherously attacked in his palace, robbed and imprisoned by Adeichis, prince of Benevento, in August 871. The landing of fresh bands of Saracens compelled Adeichis to release his prisoner a month later, and Louis was forced to swear he would take no revenge for this injury, nor ever enter Benevento with an army. Returning to Rome, he was released from his oath, and was crowned a second time as emperor by Pope Adrian II on May 18, 872.

Then Louis won further successes against the Saracens, who were driven from Capua, but the attempts of the emperor to punish Adelchis were not very successful. Returning to northern Italy, he died, somewhere in the province of Brescia, on August 12, 875, and was buried in the church of St Ambrose at Milan, having named as his successor in Italy his cousin Carloman, son of Louis the German.

Louis was an excellent ruler, of whom it was said "in his time there was great peace, because every one could enjoy his own possessions".

See:

• Annales Bertiniani and Chronica S. Benedicti Casinensis, both in the Monumenta Germaniae hlstorica. Scriptores, Bände i. and iii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.)
• E. Muhlbacher, Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern (Innsbruck, 1881)
• Th. Sickel, Acta regum et imperatorum Karolinorum, digesta et enarrata (Vienna, 1867—1868)
• E. Dummler, Geschichte des ostfrankischen Reiches (Leipzig, 1887—1888).

Initial text from the 1911 encyclopedia. Please update as needed.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor."

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Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis IV of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach, born 1282, was duke of Bavaria from 1294, duke of the Palatinate from 1329 and, after 1314, Holy Roman Emperor. Louis died on October 11, 1347.

Louis was the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria, who was married to Beatrix von Silesia-Glogau. Their children were:

• Louis V the Brandenburger, duke of Bavaria, born 1316
• Stephen II of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, born 1317

In 1324 he married Margaret of Holland, countess of Hainaut and Holland. Their children were:

• Louis VI the Roman, duke of Bavaria, born 1330
• William V of Holland, Count of Hainaut and Holland, born 1327
• Albert of Holland, Count of Hainaut and Holland, born 1336
• Beatrix, born 1344
• Otto V the Bavarian, Duke of Bavaria, born 1346

In January 1328 he entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Three months later Louis published a decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors" (Pope John XXII) deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci as Antipope Nicholas V, but he was deposed after Louis left Rome in early 1329.

Preceded by: Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor

List of German Kings and Emperors

Succeeded by: Charles IV of Luxemburg

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor."

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Louis IX of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

King Louis IX of France or Saint Louis (1215 - 1270) was King of France from 1226 to 1270. A member of the Capetian dynasty, he was born on April 25, 1215 at Poissy, France, the son of King Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. The image of Louis seen here is by the 16th-century painter El Greco

His father died when Louis was eleven years old and he was crowned in 1226 in the cathedral at Reims. His mother acted as Regent until 1234 and continued as an important counselor to the king until her death in 1252.

Louis married on May 27, 1234, Marguerite de Provence (1221 - December 21, 1295).

Their children were:

1. Blanche - (1240 - April 29, 1243)
2. Isabelle - (March 2, 1241 - January 28, 1271)
3. Louis - (February 25, 1244 - January 1260)
4. Philippe III - (May 1, 1245 - October 5, 1285)
5. Jean - (born and died in 1248)
6. Jean Tristan - (1250 - August 3, 1270)
7. Pierre - (1251 - 1284)
8. Blanche - (1253 - 1323)
9. Marguerite - (1254 - 1271)
10. Robert - (1256 - February 7, 1317)
11. Agnè - (c. 1260 - December 19, 1327)

Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export and by the marriage of the king's many daughters to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere.

Louis went on crusade twice, in 1248 (Seventh Crusade) and then in 1270 (Eighth Crusade).

Louis was the elder brother of Charles I of Sicily (1227-1285), whom he created count of Anjou, thus founding the second Angevin dynasty.

He died near Tunis on August 25, 1270. His finger is interred at Saint Denis Basilica but most of his body is buried in Tunisia.

Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297; he is the only French monarch ever to be made a saint.

Louis IX was succeeded by his son, Philippe III.

The city of Saint Louis, Missouri, Lac Saint-Louis in Quebec, and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California are named for him.

Preceded by: Louis VIII

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by: Philip III

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis IX of France."

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Louis of Portugal

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Luis, King of Portugal was the third son of Maria II da Gloria and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Luis was a cultured man who wrote vernacular poetry, but otherwise had no distinguishing gifts in the political field into which he was thrust by the deaths of his brothers Pedro V and Ferdinand in 1861. Luis's domestic reign was a tedious and ineffective series of transitional governments formed at various times by the Progressives (Liberals) and Regenerators (Conservatives - the party generally favoured by King Luis, who secured their long term in office after 1881). Despite a flirtation with the Spanish succession prior to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, Luis's reign was otherwise one of domestic stagnation as Portugal fell ever further behind the nations of western Europe in terms of public education, political stability, technological progress and economic prosperity. In colonial affairs, Delgoa Bay was confirmed as a Portuguese possession in 1875, whilst Belgian activities in the Congo (1880s) denied Portugal a land link between Angola and Mozambique at the peak of the Scramble for Africa.

Preceded by: D. Pedro V

List of Portuguese monarchs

Succeeded by: D. Carlos

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis of Portugal."

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Louis of Savoy

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis (Ludovico or Lodovico in Italian, b.1413-d.1465) was the Duke of Savoy from 1440 to 1465.

He married Anne of Lusignano, titular heiress of Cyprus and Jerusalem and a daughter of a king of Cyprus. They had 6 children:

1. Amedeo
2. Louis (b.1436-d.1482), married Charlotte of Lusignano
3. Margaret (d.1483)
4. Charlotte (b.1442-d.1483), married Louis XI of France
5. Filippo
6. Bona (b.1449-d.1503), married Galeazzo Marie Sforza, duke of Milan

In 1453 he received, from Margaret de Charny, the Shroud of Turin, which would have been property of the house of Savoy until 1946, at the end of the Kingdom of Italy. The Shroud of Turin was bequeathed to the Holy See in 1983.

Preceded by: Amedeo VIII

House of Savoy

Succeeded by: Amedeo IX

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis of Savoy."

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Louis of Spain

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

King Louis of Spain ruled less than one year between the time his father Philip V abdicated in his favour, and his death from smallpox, both in 1724. Upon his death his father returned to the throne.

Preceded by: Philip V of Spain

List of Spanish monarchs

Succeeded by: Philip V of Spain

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis of Spain."

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Louis the German

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis the German (804 - September 28, 876), the third son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Irmengarde, was ruler of Eastern Francia from 817 until his death.

His early years were partly spent at the court of his grandfather, Charlemagne, whose special affection he is said to have won. When the emperor Louis divided his dominions between his sons in 817, Louis received Bavaria and the neighbouring lands, but did not undertake the government until 825, when he became involved in war with the Wends and Sorbs on his eastern frontier. In 827 he married Emma, sister of his stepmother Judith, and daughter of Welf I, whose possessions ranged from Alsace to Bavaria. Louis soon began to interfere in the quarrels arising from Judith's efforts to secure a kingdom for her own son Charles (later known as Charles the Bald), and the consequent struggles of Louis and his brothers with the emperor Louis I.

When the elder Louis died in 840 and his eldest son Lothar claimed the whole Empire, Louis allied with his half-brother, (now) king Charles the Bald, and defeated Lothar at Fontenoy in June 841. In June 842, the three brothers met on an island in the Saone to negotiate a peace, and each appointed forty representatives to arrange the boundaries of their respective kingdoms. This developed into the Treaty of Verdun concluded in August 843, by which Louis received the bulk of the lands of the Carolingian empire lying east of the Rhine, together with a district around Speyer, Worms and Mainz, on the left bank of the river. His territories included Bavaria, where he made Regensburg the centre of his government, Thuringia, Franconia and Saxony. He may truly be called the founder of the German kingdom, though his attempts to maintain the unity of the Empire proved futile. Having in 842 crushed a rising in Saxony, he compelled the Obotrites to own his authority, and undertook campaigns against the Bohemians, the Moravians and other tribes, but was not very successful in freeing his shores from the ravages of Danish pirates.

At his instance, synods and assemblies were held where laws were decreed for the better government of church and state. In 853 and the following years, Louis made more than one attempt to secure the throne of Aquitaine, which, according to the Annals of the Abbey of Fulda (Annales Fuldensis), the people of that country offered him in their disgust with the cruel misrule of Charles the Bald. Louis met with sufficient success to encourage him to issue a charter in 858, dated "the first year of the reign in West Francia," but treachery and desertion in his army, and the loyalty to Charles of the Aquitanian bishops brought about the failure of the enterprise, which Louis renounced by a treaty signed at Coblenz on June 7, 860.

In 855 the emperor Lothar died, and Louis and Charles for a time seem to have cooperated in plans to divide Lothar's possessions among themselves -- the only impediments to this being Lothar's sons, Lothar II and Louis II. In 868 at Metz they agreed definitely to a partition; but when Lothar II died in 869, Louis the German was lying seriously ill, and his armies were engaged with the Moravians. Charles the Bald accordingly seized the whole kingdom; but Louis the German, having recovered, compelled him by a threat of war to agree to the treaty of Mersen, which divided it between the claimants.

The later years of Louis the German were troubled by risings on the part of his sons, the eldest of whom, Carloman, revolted in 861 and again two years later; an example that was followed by the second son Louis, who in a further rising was joined by his brother Charles. A report that the emperor Louis II was dead led to peace between father and sons and attempts by Louis the German to gain the imperial crown for Carloman. These efforts were thwarted by Louis II, who was not in fact dead, and his uncle, Charles the Bald.

Louis was preparing for war when he died on September 28, 876 at Frankfurt. He was buried at the abbey of Lorsch, leaving three sons and three daughters. Louis was in war and peace alike the most competent of the descendants of Charlemagne. He obtained for his kingdom a certain degree of security in face of the attacks of Normans, Hungarians, Moravians and others. He lived in close alliance with the Church, to which he was very generous, and entered eagerly into schemes for the conversion of his heathen neighbours

Initial text from a 1911 encyclopedia. Please update as needed.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis the German."

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Louis the Stammerer

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis the Stammerer (November 1, 846 - April 10, 879), also known as Louis II and Louis le Begue, was the son of Charles II and Ermentrude of Orleans.

He married three wives and had four children. He and his first wife, Adelaide Judith of Paris, had one daughter, Ermentrude, Princess of the West Franks. He and his second wife, Luitgrade of Saxony, had one son, Charles III, King of France, King of West Franks. He and his third wife, Ansgarde of Burgundy, had two children: Louis III and Carloman, both of whom were Kings of France.

Louis the Stammerer was said to be physically weak and outlived his father by only two years. He had almost no impact on politics. On his death his realms were divided between two of his sons, Carloman and Louis III.

Preceded by: Charles the Bald

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by: Louis III

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis the Stammerer."

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Louis VII of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis VII (1120 - 1180) was King of France from 1137 to 1180.

A member of the Capetian Dynasty, Louis VII was born in 1120, the second son of Louis the Fat and Adélaide of Maurienne (c.1100-1154). Construction began on Notre-Dame de Paris in Paris during his reign.

In the same year he was crowned king of France, Louis VII was married on July 22, 1137 to Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122- March 31, 1204), heiress of William II, Duke of Aquitaine. They divorced in 1152 but had two daughters:

• 1) Marie (1138 - March 11, 1198)
• 2) Eléonore (1149 - 1184)

In 1154 Louis VII married Constance of Castile (1140 - October 4,1160). Their children were:

• Marguerite
• Alix, Countess de Vexin

He married again on November 13, 1160 to Adèle of Champagne (1140 - June 4, 1206). Their children were:

• 1) Philippe II (August 21, 1165 - July 14, 1223)
• 2) Agnès (c. 1171 - April 1240)

In the first part of Louis VII’s reign he was vigorous and jealous of his prerogatives, but after his crusade his religiosity developed to such an extent as to make him utterly inefficient. His accession was marked by no disturbances, save the risings of the burgesses of Orleans and of Poitiers, who wished to organize communes. But soon he came into violent conflict with Pope Innocent II. The archbishopric of Bourges became vacant, and the king supported as candidate the chancellor Cadurc, against the pope's nominee Pierre de la Chatre, swearing upon relics that so long as he lived Pierre should never enter Bourges. This brought the interdict upon the king's lands. At the same time he became involved in a war with Theobald, Count of Champagne, by permitting Rodolphe, Count of Vermandois and seneschal of France, to repudiate his wife, Theobald's niece, and to marry Petronille of Aquitaine, sister of the queen of France.

The war, which lasted two years (1142-44), was marked by the occupation of Champagne by the royal army and the capture of Vitry, where many persons perished in the burning of the church. Geoffrey the Handsome, count of Anjou, by his conquest of Normandy threatened the royal domains, and Louis VII by a clever manoeuvre threw his army on the Norman frontier and gained Gisors, one of the keys of Normandy.

At his court which met in Bourges Louis declared on Christmas Day 1145 his intention of going on a crusade. Bernard of Clairvaux assured its popularity by his preaching at Vezelay (Easter 1146), and in June 1147 Louis set out from Metz, Lorraine, on the overland route to Syria. The expedition was disastrous, and he returned to France in 1149, overcome by the humiliation of the crusade.

In the rest of his reign he showed much feebleness and poor judgment. He committed a grave political blunder in causing a council at Beaugency (March 1152) to annul his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, under pretext of kinship, but really owing to violent quarrels during the crusade. Eleanor married Henry, Count of Anjou in the following May, and brought him the duchy of Aquitaine. Louis VII led a half-hearted war against Henry for having married without the authorization of his suzerain; but in August 1154 gave up his rights over Aquitaine, and contented himself with an indemnity.

In 1154 Louis married Constance, daughter of Alfonso VII, king of Castile, and their daughter Marguerite he pledged imprudently in the treaty of Gisors (1158) to Henry, eldest son of the king of England, promising as a dowry, Vexin and Gisors.

Five weeks after the death of Constance, on the 4th of October 1160, Louis VII married Adele of Champagne, and Henry II to counterbalance the aid this would give the king of France, had the marriage of their infant children celebrated at once. Louis VII gave little sign of understanding the danger of the growing Angevin power though in 1159 he made an expedition in the south to aid Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, who had been attacked by Henry II. At the same time the emperor Frederick I in the east was making good the imperial claims on Aries. When the schism broke out, Louis took the part of the pope, Alexander III, the enemy of Frederick, and after two comedy-like failures of Frederick to meet Louis VII at Saint Jean de Losne (on the 29th of August and the 22nd of September 1162), Louis definitely gave himself up to the cause of Alexander, who lived at Sens from 1163 to 1165. Alexander gave the king, in return for his loyal support, the golden rose.

Louis VII received Thomas Becket and tried to reconcile him with King Henry II. He supported Henry's rebellious sons, but acted slowly and feebly and so contributed largely to the break up of the coalition (1173-1174). Finally in 1177 the pope intervened to bring the two kings to terms at Vitry.

His reign from the point of view of royal territory and military Dower, was a period of retrogression. Yet the royal authority had made progress in the parts of France distant from the royal domains. More direct and more frequent connecion was made with distant vassals, a result largely due to the alliance of the clergy with the crown. Louis thus reaped the reward for services rendered the church during the least successful portion of his reign.

He was to be succeeded by his son by Adèle, Philip II Augustus and had him crowned at Reims in 1179. However, already stricken with paralysis, King Louis himself was not able to be present at the ceremony.

Louis VII died on November 18, 1180 at the Abbey at Saint-Pont, Allier and is interred in Saint Denis Basilica.

Preceded by: Louis VI

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by: Philip II

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis VII of France."

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Louis VIII of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis VIII (1187 - 1226), a member of the Capetian dynasty, was King of France from 1223 to 1226. He was born September 5, 1187, in Paris, France, the son of King Philippe II Auguste and Isabelle de Hainaut.

Prince Louis was victorious in the battles against the armies of King John of England. In 1216 the English barons rebelled against the very unpopular King John and offered the throne to Louis. In May of 1216, Prince Louis of France and his army invaded England, but after a year and a half of war, Louis was forced to give up on his desire to become the King of England and signed the Treaty of Lambeth.

Louis succeeded his father on July 14, 1223 and was crowned king on August 6 of the same year in the cathedral at Reims. As king, he was still seeking redemption from the Angevins and seized Poitou and Saintonge from them in 1224. This was followed by the seizure of Avignon and Languedoc.

While returning to Paris, King Louis was stricken with dysentery, and died on November 8, 1226 in the chateau at Montpensier, Auvergne.

King Louis VIII was interred at Saint Denis Basilica. He was succeeded by his son, Louis IX.

Marriage On May 23, 1200, at the age of twelve, he was married to Blanche of Castile (March 4, 1188 - November 26, 1252).

Issue:

1. Philippe - (September 9, 1209 - 1218)
2. Louis IX - (April 25, 1214 - August 25, 1270)
3. Robert - (September 25, 1216 - February 9, 1250)
4. Jean - (July 21, 1219 - 1232)
5. Alphonse of Toulouse - (November 11, 1220 - August 21, 1271)
6. Philippe Dagobert - (February 20, 1222 - 1232)
7. Isabelle - (June 1225 - February 23, 1269)
8. Etienne - (born and died 1226)
9. Charles I of Sicily - (March 1227 - January 7, 1285)

Preceded by: Philip II

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by: Louis IX

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis VIII of France."

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Louis XVI of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis XVI of France (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793) succeeded his grandfather (Louis XV of France) as King of France on May 10, 1774; he was crowned on June 11, 1775. His father, the dauphin, had died in 1765. Louis was his father's third son by Marie Josephe of Saxony.

On May 16, 1770 he married Marie Antoinette, daughter of Francis I of Austria and Empress Maria Theresa , a Habsburg. They had four children:

• Marie-Therese Charlotte (December 20, 1778 - October 1851);
• Louis-Joseph-Xavier-François (October 22, 1781 - June 4, 1789);
• Louis-Charles (March 27, 1785 - 1795);
• Sophie-Beatrix (July 9, 1786 - June 19, 1787).

The government was deeply in debt, the radical reforms of Turgot and de Malesherbes disaffected the nobles (parlements) and Turgot was dismissed and de Malesherbes resigned in 1776 to be replaced by Jacques Necker. Louis supported the American Revolution in 1778, but in the Treaty of Paris (1783) the French gained little except an addition to the country's enormous debt. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by de Calonne and de Brienne before being restored in 1788. A further taxes reform was sought, but the nobility resisted at the Assembly of Notables (1787).

In 1788 Louis ordered the first election of an Estates-General (États Généraux) since 1614 in order to have the monetary reforms approved. The election was one of the events that transformed the general malaise into the French Revolution, which began in June 1789. The Third Estate had been admitted to the assembly and had proved radical, Louis' attempts to control them resulted in the Tennis Court Oath (Jeu de Paume, June 20) and the declaration of the National Assembly. In July , an act which provoked the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. In October the royal family were forced to move to the Tuileries palace in Paris.

Louis himself was very popular and not unobliging to the social, political and economic reforms of the Revolution, but the bad influence of his wife in politics caused him to reject the principles of the Revolution. This caused his popularity to drop dramatically and the mistrust against him grew, thus undermining his position as monarch. Other persons who had bad influence on him were his brothers, the comte d'Artois and the comte de Provence. Especially Artois had much influence on Louis' reactionary tedencies.

On June 21, 1791 Louis attempted to flee secretly from France to Germany with his family, but on the way they were recognized at Varennes and captured by the revolutionaries. He was returned to Paris where he remained as constitutional king until 1792. In August 1792 the National Assembly abolished the office of King. Louis was arrested (August 10), tried (from December 11) and convicted of treason before the National Assembly. He was sentenced to death (January 17) by guillotine with 361 votes to 288, with 72 effective abstentions.

King Louis XVI was beheaded in front of a cheering crowd on January 21, 1793. On his death, his eight-year-old son, Louis-Charles de France, automatically became to royalists the de jure King Louis XVII of France, the 'lost dauphin'.

His wife, Marie Antoinette, followed him to the guillotine on October 16, 1793.

Preceded by: Louis XV

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by: Louis XVII

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis XVI of France."

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Prince Louis of Battenberg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Admiral of the Fleet Prince Louis of Battenberg, later Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven (24 May 1854-11 September 1921) was a minor German prince who married into the British Royal Family and pursued a distinguished career in the Royal Navy, eventually serving as First Sea Lord from 1912 to 1914. He was the father of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and the maternal grandfather of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

His Illustrious Highness Count Louis (Ludwig) Alexander of Battenberg was born in Graz, Austria, the eldest son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine (1823-1888) by his morganatic marriage to Julie Therese née Countess von Hauke (1825-1895), the daughter of a Polish politician. His mother was created Countess of Battenberg with the style Illustrious Highness on marriage. She was created Princess of Battenberg with the style of Serene Highness by her brother-in-law, Grand Duke Ludwig III of Hesse and by Rhine on 21 December 1858. Thereupon, Count Louis became HSH Prince Louis of Battenberg. One his younger brothers, Prince Alexander of Battenberg (1857-1893), became the reigning Prince of Bulgaria from 1879 to 1886, and another, Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858-1896), married Princess Beatrice of Great Britain and Ireland, the youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

In 1868, at the age of fourteen, Prince Louis became a naturalized British subject and joined the Royal Navy. He began his career as a midshipman on the Royal Alfred. In 1876, he accompanied the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII on his official tour of India. During the 1882 Egyptian intervention, he served as a lieutenant on Inconstant and was decorated with the Egyptian Medal and the Khedive Bronze Star. In September 1883, Queen Victoria appointed him lieutenant in her yacht, Victoria and Albert, which assured his promotion to commander two years later. Prince Louis rose to the rank of captain and became an aide-de-camp to the Queen in 1891. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1904, vice admiral in 1910, and admiral in 1912. During that time, he served as Director of Naval Intelligence (1902-1905), Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Fleet (1908-1911), commander of the Third and Fourth Divisions of the Home Fleet (1911), and Second Sea Lord (1911). He became a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (K.C.B.) in the military division in 1908, having received the K.C.B. and Knight Grand Cross (G.C.B.) in the civil division of the same order in 1884 and 1887, respectively.

On 9 December 1912, Prince Louis assumed the post of First Sea Lord, the senior uniformed officer in the Royal Navy. In that capacity, he was responsible to the First Lord of the Admiralty (at the time, Winston Churchill) for the readiness of the fleet and the preparation of naval strategy. However, with the outbreak of World War I, rising anti-German sentiment among the British public and newspapers forced him to resign as First Sea Lord on 29 October 1914. He held no official post for the remainder of the war and retired from the active list in the Navy in 1918.

On 30 April 1884, Prince Louis of Battenberg married Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine (5 April 1863-24 September 1950) at Darmstadt. His wife was the eldest daughter of Princess Alice of Great Britain and Ireland (26 April 1843-14 December 1878), the second daughter of Queen Victoria, and Grand Duke Ludwig VI of Hesse and by Rhine (12 September 1837-13 March 1892). Prince and Princess Louis of Battenberg were first cousins once removed; his father-in-law was also his first cousin. The marriage produced four children ¹:

• HSH Princess Alice of Battenberg (15 February 1885-5 December 1969 m. HRH Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (2 February 1882-3 December 1944)
• HSH Princess Louise of Battenberg, later styled Lady Louise Mountbatten (13 July 1889-2 March 1965 m. HRH Crown Prince Gustaf Adolph of Sweden, later Gustaf VI Adolf, King of Sweden (11 November 1882-15 September 1973)
• HSH Prince George of Battenberg, later 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven (6 November 1892-4 April 1938) m. Countess Nadejda (Nada) de Torby (28 March 1896-22 January 1963)
• HSH Prince Louis Francis of Battenberg, later 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma and 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (25 June 1900-August 27 1979) m. Hon. Edwina Ashley (28 November 1900-21 February 1960).

At the request of his cousin, King George V, Prince Louis relinquished the title Prince of Battenberg in the Grand Duchy of Hesse and the style Serene Highness on 14 July 1917 and assumed for himself and his descendants the surname Mountbatten. On 17 July, the king created him Marquess of Milford Haven, Earl of Medina, and Viscount Alderney in the peerage of the United Kingdom. His wife ceased to use her own title of Princess of Hesse and became known as the Marchioness of Milford Haven. His three younger children ceased to use their princely titles and assumed courtesy titles as children of a British marquess (His eldest daughter, Princess Alice, married into the Greek royal family in 1903. She never used the surname Mountbatten, although her only son, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, adopted it when he became a British subject in 1947). His elder son, George Mountbatten, who received the courtesy title Earl of Medina, succeeded him as 2nd Marquess of Miford Haven in 1921. Lord Milford Haven's second son, styled Lord Louis Mountbatten after 1917, was created Viscount Mountbatten of Burma in 1946 and then Earl Mountbatten of Burma and Baron Romsey in 1947.²

The Marquess of Miford Haven was appointed a member of the Privy Council and was promoted to the rank of Admiral of the Fleet in recognition of his service to the Royal Navy in August 1921. He died in London on 11 September 1921. His remains were buried at Whippingham Church on the Isle of Wight.

Note

¹ In 1881, Prince Louis of Battenberg had an illegitimate daughter by the actress, Lillie Langtry, a one-time mistress of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales.

² Upon relinquishing his princely title and Anglicizing his surname to Mountbatten, Prince Louis allegedly wrote in a letter to his son George, "Enter Prince Jeckel, exit Lord Hyde."

Sources

• Marlene A. Eilers, Queen Victoria's Descendants (New York: Atlantic International Publishing, 1987).
• Richard Alexander Hough, Louis and Victoria: The First Mountbattens (London: Hutchinson, 1974).
• Hugo Vickers, Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece (New York: St. Martin's, 2000).
• Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten (New York: Knopf, 1984).

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Prince Louis of Battenberg."

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Photos: Louis More pictures...

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Photo Album: Louis

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Louis Pasteur at his laboratory. Original painting at the Institute Pasteur, Paris. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.		West Nile virus is a flavivirus commonly found in Africa, West Asia, and the Middle East. It is closely related to St. Louis encephalitis virus found in the United States. The virus can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and some other mammals. Credit: CDC.
	St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) virus seen in a mosquito salivary gland, is normally transmitted to humans though the bite of a Culex mosquito. Credit: CDC.		Louis A. Sengteller. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	H. Arnold Karo in back on left Dedication of St. Louis aeronautical chart plant. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		Tropical waterfall in Western Samoa not far from Robert Louis Stevenson home. Credit: America's Coastlines.
	View of Honolulu from St. Louis Heights. Credit: America's Coastlines.		Figures 1 and 2, Oculina robusta Pourtales. Figures 3 and 4, Oculina varicosa Leseuer. Figures 5-7, Astrocoenia pectinata Pourtales. In: "Report on the Florida Reefs", 1880, by Louis Agassiz. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. VII, No. 1. Plate II. These plates help document the oldest studies of the Florida Reefs. Credit: The Coral Kingdom.
	Figures 1-10, Mycedium fragile Dana. Figures 11-13, Agaricia agaricites Milne-Edw. and Haime. Siderastraea galaxea Milne-Edw. and Haime. In: "Report on the Florida Reefs", 1880, by Louis Agassiz. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. VII, No. 1. Plate XI. These plates help document the oldest studies of the Florida Reefs. Credit: The Coral Kingdom.		United States Coast Survey Steamer BIBB at Dry Tortugas, Florida. At this time, the BIBB was engaged in conducting dredging work south of the Florida Keys under the direction of Louis F. de Pourtales who discovered life below 300 fathoms. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Louis
 

"St. Louis Cemetery" by Nicole Morse Commentary: "A view down a row of masoleums in the St. Louis Cemetery in the French Quarter, New Orleans."	"St Louis Zoo 2" by Bobbie Osborne Commentary: "Puffins."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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